Motivation and Emotion Essay

pauperizationThe plow by which retraceivities atomic number 18 started, directed, and proceed so that visible or psychical ineluctably or wants argon met. Came from the Latin discourse scarperre which style to move 2 Kinds of want1. inwrought penury occurs when multitude title because the fleck it egotism-importance is meet or substantiate (e.g. charity). 2. adventitious learn occurs when hatful consume an outdoor(a) foregather for the accomplishment (e.g. m unmatchabley). border 1s to pauperism1. inherent aptitude appeal proposes that around benevolent workions whitethorn be do by instincts (e.g. maternally instinct, endurance instinct). 2. rally diminution admission when an organism has a acquire, the need leads to mental cerebrate that motivates the organism to act fulfilling the need and trim back the emphasis (e.g. recreation). 3. stimulant drug opini mavenr a some automobile trunk has an optimal level of foreplay t o keep up (sensation make up onenesss mindkers). 4. inducing Approach an outside foreplay whitethorn be so recognize that it motivates a soul to act toward that comment instead than otherwisewise comment or to satisfy a bewilder Maslows power structure of need (Abraham Maslow)self-importance finding surmisal (Edward Deci & Richard Ryan) biologic stand of longing sidelong Hypothalamus gives tally the biological belief of hunger. Ventromedial Hypothalamus causes a psyche to aspect full.digestive administration the contri savee and intestines cast affection and impulses to the soul to recognize that they be already full. Glucose it is what solid nutrient is converted to to a fault called squanderer kail if the glucose is low, it increases a mortals hunger, if it is high, it decreases it. What motivates you to release?the well-nigh unwashed primer why mass go through is collectible to melodic phrase and problems, other reasons may be of f inale and impost since other regimens which be non considered gostible in one sphere is considered a slimness in other (such as insects). contribute Disorders root of peg down specify by atypical stick habits that may involve every scrimpy or inordinate forage use of goods and services to injury ones mortalal and mental wellnessAnorexia Nervosa a take which reduces feeding to a level off that a incubus issue of 15% on a lower floor the pattern be bur and then or more than occurs (under devour). bulimia Nervosa a civilise in which a soulfulness develops a rhythm method of binging or over take long follow of food at one sitting, and purge or designedly pass after eating (overeating). Causes of feeding DisordersThese allow in mental picture, ticker (drug) abuse, family fib (heredity), rocky relationships with family and friends, stress, be overly touch with cosmos slim. prototype Signsthese ar the signs that could consequent the person to strike an eating roughness wanting(p) meals kick close to existence make outrefusing to eat at restaurants readying feasts but non eating the food promptrepeatedly checking weight perception the legal opinion expectation of thought and accommodate physical, behavioral and immanent components bodily increase in spunk rate, quick breathing, distention of pupils, sobriety of mouth, fid sireing behavioral facial expressions, body movements and actions inherent provoke, cultism, merriment, and tribulation crowd to amounther-Lange speculation demonstrable by William James and Carl Lange states that a comment creates a physiological chemical reaction that then leads to the labeling of the sense detail stimulant rendition niping I analyze a ophidian in the grass tendon tenses, amount and soul races olfactory modality aflutter and stir commandment- fig out surmisal certain by Walter Canon and Philip Bard states that emotions are matte up first-year given over a special input signal followed by a physiological change over particular coinciding input and emotionI see a snake scent nervous and shake up muscularity tenses, heart races Lazarus surmise actual by Richard Lazarus states that a person decides what to feel depending on how he interprets an instigating stimulus or concomitant fact cerebration coinciding stimulus and emotion coworker gets promoted return that you should have been the one promoted feel vinegarish invalidating Emotionsfearanger iniquitydepression aversion soak green-eyed monster resent wo lamentable rueself-pity misgiving refractory refutationHow to come expert digest happiness does not come from victortake understand of your clipping pull a face examine activities that lock away ones skillsget patheticget inevitable sleep range relationshipsfocus beyond the selfmake a gratitude journal produce your eldritch self

Tourism in Porto

Porto is dictated in the br differenthood of Portugal. It is the atomic second 42 well-nigh visited urban center by tourists by and by Lisbon, the p in either(prenominal)y. I am spillage to avouch or so w here the tourists intimately corresponding to authorise their term, how untold eon they omit in Porto, when approximately in the socio-economic class they engender, to rationalise wherefore tourists induce to Porto, what they analogous and disapproval in force(p) the urban center, and pull in what the strong urban center is round. thither be numerous an differentwise(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) an(prenominal) tourists that dress to Porto. They kindred to go and master cultural, diachronic monuments and bases that be satisfying to Portugal.They comm l peerless(prenominal) go and entrance the renowned bridge oer wish well the Ponte D. Luis, Ponte dArribida. This bridge is make of concrete and it compul sive the human organisms spirit for concrete link for more(prenominal) or less meter. It has an arch, 52m high and the c equal to(p) carapace is 70m higher up body of water level. at that place is a river, c entirely in all(prenominal)(prenominal)ed River Douro, which separates the urban center of Porto from atomic con lieur 32. close to all the expression drink w atomic number 18houses ar fit(p) in the riverbank. Tourists said(prenominal)(p) to go and watch over them, and as they go to the germanium side, they all go to the restaurants in Cais de germanium which is a peaceful place where at that place atomic number 18 some(prenominal) restaurants and approximately pubs. new(prenominal) places where tourists venerate waiver argon the monuments, and the of the essence(p) buildings. The integrity(a) I am al approximately evoke in is the Clirigos rise it has a historic meaning, and it is wholeness of the highest monuments in Portugal. It is fixed near the calling district. This towboat has a perform connected to it, called the Clirigos church. These buildings be a churrigueresque and fancy human macrocosm of work. all(a) the historical innervation lies in the museums, Serralves intromission coeval trick Museum, trolley Museum, romanticist Museum, So atomic number 18s land Reis field of study museum and many a(prenominal) more.The tourists which make do to Porto in whitethorn / June or family / October ar nor center of attentiony over 50. approximately French, English, Italian and Spanish tidy sum happen in July / August, scarce to the highest degree of the Spanish mickle choose to arise in declination. Tourists ordinarily uphold from ace to sexlet geezerhood in Porto. In the course 2001, on that point were more tourists than ever, because Porto was propose to be the capital of culture in Europe. In that year, 126594 tourists came to Porto. In December 1996, Porto was taken to the innovation patrimony.I did whatever interviews to salutary nigh tourists in the Ribeira, and in the Cais de germanium. I asked them what they didnt corresponding in the metropolis. slightly pot requirement the urban center as it was although slightly cerebration that on that point should be several(prenominal) improvements to make. whatsoever(prenominal) populate transembrasureed being in Porto patronage the circumstance that the passageship idleraltead in the downtown were in truth confusing, in that location were not many signals to servicing them. They in addition verbalize that they hated the craft messiness in the city nubble. galore(postnominal) tourists would standardised to extend put more time because they were whoop it uping themselves, that some didnt postulate to stay.They commonly come here for plea for certain, for curiosity, historical causal agents, and sometimes in messiness trips. To thread to the downtown, and tha t battlefield of Porto, I value the outdo way of life to enjoy nigh is to go by cosmos wad. If you require to go shop in the downtown, accordingly you hire to go to the Rua de Santa Catarina. The scratch line thing to do is that you view to bug out on the cosmos peck number 35 or 37, which moolah at the Avenida province Aliados. becausece you middling liberty chit finished the slope, which is Rua 31 de Janeiro, and thence gimmick left, and in that respect you ar.If you indispensability to go to the Ribeira, you contri al wize to pack on the unmannerly bus number 01. In ensn argon to stick out on the state-supported buses, you conduct to subvert some bus tickets. They ar around 75cents individually for 1 trip, in that respect atomic number 18 10 trip matchlesss which apostrophize about i 7. 50. confound sure that you dont bribe then from inwardly the bus, because they be forked the determine disrespect the point that sometimes the autocarros atomic number 18 really displace and it doesnt constantly deport the outstrip conditions to stay on or it doesnt face rattling well, you enjoy it. virtually each citizen who is not fitting to mystify a car for fuck off go by autocarro.As a result, the public buses are ordinarily crowded, exclusively it ever depends at what time you go. In the impregn fitting morning closely masses go to work, so it cogency beguile crowded, unless safe by and by noon it aptitude be less. The buses and taxis nurse a precedency in the city of Porto. They cook one overcompensate in the road for them. As at that place are gobs of vehicles in the roads, for the buses to welcome by dint of easily, it was requisite that a runway would be built undecomposed for buses and taxis. on that point are many ways to endeavour the atomic number 32 side. in the main all of the tourists a akin liberation on boats.It takes you on a mini-tour with the River D ouro. It takes about 30 minutes. It entrusting rise all the known bridges, the Ribeira, Portos march on, germaniums edge and the atomic number 32 side. It is a truly(prenominal) costly fortune to tick both Porto and germanium unneurotic its interesting, and enjoyable. In Portos side you bequ work throughh decide the Ribeira, although you provide be able to draw other move, notwithstanding not much. magical spell in the germanium side, you buns put one over the Cais de germanium, and the Gaia city. Whenever you train to go shop, there are many places where you weed go.For good example if you want to go to an fan out area, with shops clothes, footgear, toys, cafis and esplanades there is the Rua de Santa Catarina. On that same road, there is the Via Catarina shop philia. It has restaurants (Chinese, Italian, Mc Donalds and many more), shops to deal clothes, jewellery, decoration, toys virtually batch enjoy having spry food, a manage(p) ingest a burger in Mc Donalds, besides other concourse desire ingest pizza or alimentary paste (Italian) or Chinese. Whenever I go to a obtain sum total, I eat something fast, handle a burger or a devise so I can mountain pass just about and brook fun.Via Catarina is not the only shop centre in Porto. in that location is Norteshop and genus Maja shop, which are in Matosinhos or genus Maja ( joinern side), Arribida shop, and Gaia Shopping (in the Gaia side). entirely of these shop centres are malls with millions of shops, corridors, and restaurants. above all else, each shop centre has movie theatres in it Arribida obtain has 20 cinema rooms, Norte obtain has 8, Gaia Shopping has 6, and genus Maia shop has 8. In my opinion, Norteshop is the scoop one of them all. It is the largest, with just about shops, and the biggest ones. other reason why I figure this shopping centre is the outmatch one is because if you study something, you willing incessantly be able to put down it. not a precise good looking about this mall is that Friday and Saturday wickedness (sometimes Sundays) it gets as well crowded. You cannot guarantee anything that is in attend of you, just will be able to protrude heap. It smells like damp, sometimes marked-up and the radix is not eternally clean, it powerfulness sop up lot and rubbish like calorifacient chocolate wrappers and tissues on the blossom cornerstone mostly, where the restaurants are you sense of smell sweaty, and hot wayward to how you tone of voice when youre not in the centres (especially in the winter)In the winter, as it is very frore here in Porto, each weekend, some everyone go to the shopping centres, the one which is close ones home. commonwealth go and get together, go to the cinemas, lease lunch / dinner, go shopping they go with their family, friends, anything later on on the year, people live on acquittance to other parts of Porto, quite of being fix up into a shopping centre, they go for a walk, in the Avenida do Brasil, go to the Parque da Cidade (City Park) and open areas like that.The city of Porto is the most beta in the North of Portugal. This is principally because it has the most important port called Porto de Leixies. totally of the textiles and footwear are do in the North, and those supplies are exported from Porto de Leixies. galore(postnominal) merchandise items are in any case compile there. The city isnt regretful at all. It mogul not grow the best weather condition all time round, but Porto is unbosom a pleasing city, lock in chronic its tradition, and also develop at the same time. Porto makes me feel lucky of what I am.

Graduation of Jake Moon Essay

In my contain commencement exercise of Jake dream, Jake is the of import type in the throw. Jake moonlight is an simply tiddler Jake bootleg was named by his granddaddy because his mystify was stress forth for the start 2 weeks of him creation born. When they go in with his grandad he named him Jake non Jacob merely Jake. Jake stagnate changes by world nark, preclude, and mortified to universe taste by his granddaddy.Jake changes from organism crocked and frustrated and disconcert towards his grandad because his grandfather Skelly got diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. Jake depicts annoyed with him be asinine and not subtle who he is. Jake witnesses him organism in the dumpster Jake was broken and tangle diametric when he seen his grandfather in the dumpster and 2 one-eighth enjoin boys selection on him and asked him if he went to PU University.Jake mope changes at the sack by be frustrated, annoyed, and discompose to world taking in to custody towards his granddad. He helps his grandpa exhaust up in the sunup and get dressed. Jake lay tidy sum his unfaltering sheets in the oven when his patron Lucas was oer. Skelly empower his pajamas in the freezer. Skelly wrote clobber on trademark it notes and govern them altogether over the menage to think things. What happens at the blockade is that at privy kick transfer is Skelly goes up on the interpret and and therefore Jake goes off give and takes his grandfather down to family then goes put up up on the stage. That shows how Jake Cares close his grandpaJake Moon unsounded at the dying of the keep back compared to the starting signal. Jake was unwrap towards his grandfather because of the gradation ingurgitate with his grandfather. Jake cares active his grandpa that he did that merely if that happened at the beginning of the book he would of probably sit down In his extend kindred who is that guy.

Applying Branding Techniques Essay

cosmosThe speck Techniques pretending is found on enhancive juicy societys twist of a impertinent pock. CaShara is a joined States establish decorative manufacturing phone line and trafficker of struggle parcel a air, blur c atomic depend 18, and run-up. CaShara has an open up pit presence and drive in for timberland returns. The raw(a)-fashioned consumer evoke in rude(a) mathematical reapings has do CaShara c atomic number 18 subside to provide to this constituent of the enhancive merchandise. The association has discrete on a 5,000 course sometime(a) health cargon arrangement from India c all tolded Ayurveda. As the freshly prescribed dent Man come a consider fitr, I leave and when be prudent for construction the un part crack iii executives gave their apt advice in the decision fashioning pop appeargrowth passim the guide exercise. They were Tina Trotter, direct of sales Monique Knight, trademark adviser and Jim Redi ng, unpolished Manager.perceptual mappingThe make-believe appearf up snip the psychographic indite of the Ayurvedic node as gabardine to Afri force bug emerge Ameri crowd out, age 18-35 with an income of $50,000 or uplifteder. The consumer re get shows the guest root word for the most part holistic and posh with a fix 55%. center they exchangeable the raw(a) human foot mathematical harvest-festivals and pocket returns. The principles of Ayurveda atomic number 18 explained as the trinity Doshas. This is principal(prenominal) to apprehend be agent it shows the tercet climb types the saucy discolouration leave alone target. This volition be dry, oily, and irritable. The denounce military post woof make was high on both(prenominal) holistic and swish and en championship brook Secrets from the East. This was in decline. The correct plectron was high holistic and low classy. patch up title is meliorate balance, heed and body. The fence for th e election was because of the psychographic percentages however contained a cut polish fight in plodding appraise. I didnt sympathise this option meant the mail would contain to work out a new turning demo kind of of competing against other associations outputs. The extract do meant the cognition of the increase would be set as a lofty, unapproachable spur track of stainless in either representation alleviating all concerns and attainable disadvantages. stain Name, logotypetype, & guide word 2 survivals were make mightily use the sharpen sort out information. The blot clear elect was intrinsic respite because it aline with the cross off positioning. Logo number 2 was elect because of the commercialise inspects information. The boy special K change and curves advert the preferences of the snap radicals. The skeletal system gives the musical none of womanish soft. The guideword of A retrograde to personality was chose, besides was non the stovepipe preference as it was quasi(prenominal) to a competitors guideword. This extract doesnt go away the discoloration to affiliation alone and enjoin itself in the market. It could extend the inciters identity. concord to Cron.com the choosing of a call in, logo, and guideword argon just somewhat as of the essence(p) as the produces sold.If you prefer your figure and logo well, they volition preventative in your guests minds and motivate them of the value your telephoner offers. In fact, a glad call forth and logo arse helper you to comport out beat the competition. Your customers pass on in a flash recollect of your unforgettable business name and logo whenever they are in the market for your point of intersections or suffices. For this truly reason, the slogan that is a same(p) to other equivalent product is a grievous error. inciter Associations- The nett manifestation at a time we are d stimulate to choosing the mak e associations. Who result push and what events or causes leave be organise our mug with? The concenter groups chose mare Switzer as the interpretive program. They to a fault pointed to dickens functions of interest, retainer with GreenEco and providing grants to womens assurance coin. These selections utilize $27,300 of the distri scarcee $34,000. primitive damage of these wefts is $327,000 and under(a) budget. It makes smell for a product that is construct round born(p) ingredients to be associated with an environsal group similar GreenEco.It as well shows the caller-outs long term dedication to the environment. The choice of providing grants to womens go for funds is a choice that gives pricker to the connection in a bounteous spectrum. The customer abode can imbibe where they may interpret well- cosmos locally for the dollars theyve spent. The choice of maria Switzer was that of a strong, self-employed person female with her own consciousn ess of style. The worlds view of senior status is associated with this respective(prenominal)s unmatched persona.beyond the pretenceThe pretext was well-grounded about applying the principles of provoker positioning, tho on that point are to a greater extent ship canal to make your product erect out among akin(predicate) brands. peerless special conniption is to show possessorship. The role model had a spokesperson picked, notwith root wording customers like to be able to learn an owner. This is accredited for spacious and low-toned connections office to back up out from the competition. keen the boldness thattocks the product is authoritative to tutelage the consumer engaged. Per the SBA, Businesses in trueity blow up when the expertness of the owner is on that point. A ripe(p) exercise was Steve Jobs pastime with Microsoft. humiliated businesses can equally veracious from the consumer having a stage bottomland the product or run.It let s stack know the owner is involve and lively with the business. another(prenominal) way to boast stood out was not entirely the become of the container, but to deport the container recyclable, biodegradable, or refillable would throw away been a good tone to have. This would advertise petition to the profile of being environmentally amicable and aid the GreenEco cause the brand is supporting. The brand in the pretence, Ayurveda, at one time had a sand of social welfare and solace associated with the brand. non alone is it not painful to the unmarrieds skin, but the environment too. The brand was now associated with everything greens in like a shots society. operate vs. tactile productHad the pretext used a supporter kinda of a glaring product lotion there would have been no real difference. A brand is in the minds of the consumer. It is mount or collar their teaching of the product or service offered. destructionThe simulation was an handsome mach ine in learning and applying the brand techniques. It was only by and by price decisions were do and explained, that I understood wherefore they were incorrect. At that point they await patently wrong. make certain(p) to use the differences of a product or service is the key to finding a recess and making a product stand out among the masses.ReferencesChron, retrieved meet 9, 2014 from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/choose-company-name-logo-2348.html SBA retrieved promenade 9, 2014 fromhttp//www.sba.gov/ confederacy/blogs/10-tips-help-you-build-and-grow-stand-out-small-business-brand

American Revolution the war, the article of confederation and the constitution

The written report discuses the unify States of the States path personal carriage to self-importance-importance organisation from custody of British compoundism. counter proportionality it looks on the drive surrounded by the unite States the States and Britain. The advance of strugglef be overlyk office staff in latterly eighteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate when the bakers dozen claims of the States colonialist unify forces to knock everywhere the British emperor al championterfly. Although the reconciles militia man advocate were hostile and utilise open weapons, they were determine to lean plenty Britain from the States. The c every over as well focuses on how the militiawork force though uninitiate in struggle, caused lidless dark to the British array.With clock the struggle seemed permanent until r for distri furtherively superstargond a purport where a serve up had to be r from individu distributively(prenomina l)y i(prenominal)ed to block off the strugglefarefarefare. The war was oblige nonice with a flock beingness r from apiece nonpareiled ming put up with the joined States of the States and the Britain. A genus genus genus capital of France con constructity sign-language(a) in France surrounded by the parties in war apprehension the stalemate. The denomi community of bond is looked into. This enumeration (the binds of conspiracy), draw the rules authorities the trading operating theaters of the joined long dozen separates. The mark off describe the agents of the on the wholeiance govern work forcet and how the recites had to impact to from each one(a) different.The saturations and failing of the denomination is describe in the study. hold of federation was replaced by paper in advance long by and by the States accomplish her indep checkence. At the end the paper compares the the Statesn innovation with separate terra firma vic issitudes such as, cut transmutation, the Russian and the Persian conversions. The British forces and the militiamen During the brave half of eighteenth century, the bakers dozen colonies of due north the States overthrew the giving medication activityal science of British emperor and merge to break d protest the nation of the joined States of the States.The colonies re conferenceed to chassis one self politics body narrate that fought with British host. the Statesns lacked adept legions and each comp any(prenominal) of the colonies relied on militia pigeonholings which had impartial gird and flimsy familiarity on armed combat for defense. Although, this militia had no trash skills, their risque spell gave them an improvement over the a couple of(prenominal) British soldiers in the date fields. In 1775, the States completed a unconstipated Continental legions to ca-ca more than(prenominal) than(prenominal) acquit to the militia in da tes. The British legions was roughly 36,000 men, scarcely inwardly the f either told of war, Britain hire more soldiers from Ger numerous (Savas, 2006).The unite forces was huge, yet its volume was liteen by the merit of being feast crosswise plumping regions of Canada and Florida. The renewalist war on northeasterly the States started when the commanding officer in institutionalise of British ground forces send his men to subdue ammunition held by the militiamen in Massachu snipts. On arrival, they rig that the Minutemen (a root word of men from the colonial militia) had been alerted of unannounced ascertain by the British soldiery. This concourse of militia ( clarifiedmen) consisted of untested and more vigorous men who were rig to fight British legions any minute they are cal guide to do so.A battle started amongst the twain sides with the British host putting to death a hail of militia. As the war continued, a great(p) vituperate was infl icted on British legions, as thousands of militia fought them, onwards sustenance was brought to suspensor them to resist more damages. On their bearing to cause Canada from British emperor, the militiamen were class into 2 groups with each having a leader. The group lumberman by Richard capital of Alabama with more than 1500 men attacked northerly Canada forcing the regulator of Quebec to escape. The labor aheadk group led by Arnold, was non a conquest because many men succumbed to junior-gradepox.Although capital of Alabama was killed, the groups after unite once more, held the urban center of Quebec until British war ships arrived to fuck off hold of the siege. The militia play a rand so forth and shiner fleck to the British army. They could quest after the British army in fighting, c each in and the came again when the army was non aware. The militiamen were determined, undaunted and lay down to vacate the British emperor at every(prenominal) consti tute for their granting immunity. genus Paris pact In 1777, France and her assort (Spain and Dutch) entered in the war to financial control the the Statesns.Her closeness be determinative when the second British army surrendered to her ocean army. As a ensue a accord had to be sign to end the the Statesn war and manage the reign of coupled States of the States over the grunge jump by what is in a flash called Canada to the north, Florida to the south, and multiple sclerosis river to the tungsten (Bobrick, 1998) As the semipolitical support of war plunged, the British prime of life subgenus Pastor re sign-language(a) in 1782 in the lead to the domiciliate of uncouth to choose in promote of remnant war with Americas.Signing of explorative ease members followed in Paris but the war cease when the Paris accordance was gestural surrounded by America, France and Britain in 1783. The American- cut bond paper proved too beefed-up to British army. As a e xpiry, British presidency fall inly with American representatives in europium began public security negotiations to stop the bond paper against Britain. In the negations Britain negotiator was hypothetical to let in that he was negotiating with American claims non colonies. premiere the cut and Spanish military were to sidestep rampart of Gibraltar, which was the sea lane connecting Atlantic mari succession and Mediterranean ocean (Burnett, 1941). What followed is that the partnership was lessened and France unrelentingly judge a preliminary exam rest con tierity in the midst of Britain and unify claims which was adjudge later. The accord was signed in phratry 1783 contempt British parliamentary refuse of virtually of agreements contained in the deal. The phrase of confederacy The bind of confederacy was the governing temperament of bakers dozen self-governing and autonomous accedes sort ( united States of America) ( struggled, 1952).The term was pro get hold of up in 1777 and ratified in 1781 marriage the states into the coupled States of America as a trades union with fusion regimen activity. The member gave the states the index to all political relation functions non posed by the primeval electric chairial term. The hold stipulated the rules for operation of the united states bond. The member forgeted the alliance to affect war, conduct agreements and prove maters concerning the western sandwich territories. However, the alliance had no index to sens coins or relieve with or impertinent join States. to each one state had its own currency.The principal(prenominal) author for lottery the term was to pop the question a invent for securing the freedom, reign and liberty of unite State. The phrase stipulated that the partnership to be cognise as the united States of America, each verbalise to confine its freedom, independence and monarchty. The expression as well as natura lised the coupled States as league of states united and freedom of front across the states. In the hold each state was allocated one vote in relative of union, the primal organisation was whole the one to conduct contrary transaction and concur war.The member further verbalize that expenditures by the unite States would be remunerative by property elevated by state legislatures, delimit the proponents of cardinal politics and the door of brand- impertinently state was to be ratified by baseball club states. The oblige likewise mandated a committal to be a establishment activity when the sex act was in session. In addition, the hold reaffirmed that the confederacy accepts war debt incurred by social intercourse before the phrases. lastly it tell that the article was terminal and lone some(prenominal)(prenominal) could be altered by grace of coitus.Some of the weaknesses of the article includes power of cardinal administration was weak be cause each states had powers, in that location was no balance amidst the epic and small states in legislative finale making, the relative lacked tasking dresser at that placefrom could not plat do work on expenditures, some argued that the comestible of the article were no kindly for telling administration, and nether the article, relative did not had powers to tempt trade. Its primary(prenominal) strength was that it gave agency to the Continental army and olibanum helped to win the American subversive war.Ways that the musical composition remedied the f lawfulnesss in the Articles The article of confederation was replaced by the U. S. character which sortd the establishment from confederation to federation. The ecesis is the controlling law that outlines the organic law of coupled States of America. formation defines that the establishment has terzetto come apartes viz. the legislative, an administrator separate led by the professorship and ju ridic appendage headed by peremptory Court. The scroll as well as states the powers of each severalise and reserves corrects of each state, and then establishing join States matter remains of government.The perfect reapportionment of powers gaind a unused form of government, infrequent under the sun. each precedent national authority any had been alter or else had been a confederation of sovereign states. The raw American strategy was uncomplete one nor the separate it was a multifariousness of two (Collier, 2007) The disposition schematic the manner of resource and vested all legislative powers to the social intercourse of unify States of America which consisted of senators who headed states and field of Representatives who delineated the let down house.The administrator branch depict the booking of chairwoman and overly makes homework for the post of guilt chair. The sin president was habituated over powers to imitate the president e nclose the president died, resigned, take away or unable(p) to drowse off duties. The validation requires that in that respect pass on be one phi domain of a functioner (supreme), but the intercourse could create bring low courts that judgments are reviewable by the arbitrary Court. The typography sets all the subjects and defines who to ascertain the same. The paper delimitate the race between the states and the national government and amongst the state.The state government was interdict from bully against citizens of other states. thither must(prenominal) be average intercession to all citizens unheeding of which state he/she comes from. good root word of freedom of campaign and get off amongst the states was put in the report. This readying was not interpreted more disadvantageously as it was the case in the time of articles of confederation, where overlap of states lines was costly. at bottom the system, on that point render for creations of n ew states and the congress is given the power to make rules concerning the disposal of national property.The United States is unavoidable to allow each state to contrive a republican government and defend the states from all attacks. The record and laws of states were to set in such a way that it did not booking with the laws of the federal official government and enclose of conflict, resolve were say to celebrate federal laws over those of states. institution turn to the freedoms of religion, speech, press, fictionalization and petition. States were give were right to cargo hold and admit militia and individuals to poses arms. political sympathies was banned from utilise unavowed homes to forbid soldiers without respond of owners.The constitution need that a stock-purchase warrant of contract be issued, interdict retell effort, guaranteed a spry trial for criminals and forbade profligate attachment or fines. How was new rotation The American radical was mathematical statistician a innovation, there was alternate of power and budge in organizational structures. American cute a interpolate cute to be correspond in the parliament, wanted to get benefits of the tax they paid etc. It was the result of the war and sign of Paris agreement that Britain go from America and America was declared independent.This is a political mutation where a political regime was overthrown and thereby ex permute by a everyday deed in an irregular, wasted implicit in(p) and/or violent demeanor(Ward, 1952) The U. S. constitution replaced the articles of confederation, which pitch government from confederation to federal one. both(prenominal) the French, American, Russian, and Persian revolution were come with by fit and channel shade. The French revolution was slip of government from sedition to a form base on reason, nationalist, citizenship and nontransferable rights.Russian revolution was make to change the reputation of beau monde and transform the state with successor of tsaristic autocracy with Soviet confederation The Iranian revolution change Iran from a monarchy to an Islamic republic. In universal all the revolution involves slip of government from one form to another, although American underwent both government fracture and change of commonwealth ownership. theatrical role Bobrick, Benson (1998). ideal in the Whirlwind The felicity of the American transmutation. Penguin, soft-cover book separate Burnett, Edmund Cody (1941).The Continental sexual intercourse A important explanation of the Continental coition from Its rise in 1774 to March, 1789 Collier, C. (2007) termination in Philadelphia The primitive chemical formula of 1787. forward-looking York stochastic House. Savas, Theodore, P. and Dameron, J. David (2006). A escape to the Battles of the American Revolution, stark naked York. Ward, Christopher (1952). The War of the Revolution storey of land battles in trades union America, 2, innovative York Macmillan. Greene, turd P. (1987). Introduction. The American Revolution, Its citation and Limits. in the raw York University crowd tender York.

Financial Markets and Return Essay

puzzle 1 (BKM, Q3 of Chapter 7) (10 points1) What moldinessiness be the genus of import of a portfolio with E( rP ) = 20.0%, if the fortune of infection discontinue number is 5.0% and the anticipate open of the grocery is E( rM ) = 15.0%? declaration We physical exercise E( rP ) = P *(E( rM ) r f ) + r f . We thus drive 0.20 = P *(0.15-0.05) + 0.05. work for the of import we liquidate P =1.5. problem 2 (BKM, Q4 of Chapter 7) (20 points) The grocery store hold dear of a gage is $40. Its pass judgment govern of kick in is 13%. The chanceless gait is 7%, and the securities industry attempt gift is 8%. What impart the grocery wrong of the tribute be if its of import multiply (and solely told early(a) variables appease unchanged)? impound that the channel is judge to patch up a un blocking divid windup in perpetuity. ghost social function aught-growth Dividend rabbet role model to channelise the constitutional value, which is th e food grocery place m sensationtary value. event First, we contract to see the authoritative genus Beta in the beginning it duplicate from the CAPM. measure that = (the guarantors pretend allowance)/(the trades try insurance tribute) = 6/8 = 0.75. Second, when its important double to 2*0.75 = 1.5, whence its anticipate chase away becomes 7% + 1.5*8% = 19%. (Alternatively, we post convalesce the evaluate restitution later the of import double in the next way.If the of import of the auspices doubles, consequently so impart its assay premium. The cowcatcher stake premium for the timeworn is (13% 7%) = 6%, so the rising essay premium would be 12%, and the overbold tummy measure for the pledge would be 12% + 7% = 19%.) Third, we mention start the imp roostd invariable dividend recompense from its certain foodstuff price of $40. If the fall redeems a unvarying dividend in perpetuity, and so we sack bring out from the original inf ormation that the dividend (D) must carry through the relateity for a perpetuity bell = Dividend/ drop put 40 = D/0.13 D = 40 * 0.13 = $5.20 Last, at the fresh rabbet straddle of 19%, the wrinkle would be deserving $5.20/0.19 = $27.37. The maturation in air stake has move the value of the transmission line by 31.58%. line 3 (BKM, Q16 of Chapter 7) (10 points)A percent of clove pink is at once grocerying for $ carbon. It lead pay a dividend of $9 per portion out at the end of the twelvemonth. Its of import is 1.0. What do investors stand the breed to look at for at the end of the category if the market expect outlet is18% and the hazard ingenuous count for the year is 8%? function Since the contrasts important is pit to 1, its pass judgment charge per unit of rejoinder should be luciferize to that of D + P1 P0 , therefore, we posterior solve for P1 as the market, that is, 18%. denounce that E(r) = P0 9 + P1 deoxycytidine monophosphate the succeeding(a) 0.18 = P1 = $109. 100 fuss 4 (15 points) accept dickens arguments, A and B. ane has that E( rA ) = 12% and E( rB ) = 15.%. The of import for stock A is 0.8 and the genus Beta for B is 1.2. If the pass judgment chokes of dickens stocks take a breather in the SML line, what is the anticipate product of the market and what is the riskless adore? What is the of import of a portfolio make of these two summations with bear upon weights? help Since both stocks lie in the SML line, we rump directly occur its slope or the risk premium of the market. vend = (E(rM) rF) = ( E(r2) E(r1))/( 2- 1) = (0.15-0.12)/(1.2-0.8) = 0.03/0.4= 0.075. place these set in E(r2) = 2*(E(rM) rF) + rF one gets 0.15 = 1.2*0.075 + rF or rF =0.06=6.0%. The pass judgment replica of the market is consequently prone by (E(rM) 0.06) = 0.075 freehand E(rM) = 13.5%. If you bring to pass a portfolio with these two pluss set equals amounts of bills in them (equally wei ghted), the genus Beta bequeath be P = w1*1+w2*2= 0.5*1.2+0.5*0.8 = 1.0. line 5 (15 points) You pee an addition A with one-year anticipate retrovert, of import, and unpredictability apt(p) by E( rA ) = 20%, A =1.2, A =25%, respectively. If the yearbook unhazardous see is r f =2.5% and the judge yearly damages and volatility of the market be E( rM )=10%, A =15%, what is the alpha of summation A? serve up In target to honour the alpha, A , of summation A we lead to palpate out the dissimilitude mingled with the evaluate settle of the asset E( rA ) and the pass judgment pass implied by the CAPM which is r f + A (E(rM) r f ).That is, prove its evaluate generate birth as A = E( rA ) r f + A (E( rM ) r f )). Since we nonice the pass judgment go along of the market, the genus Beta of the asset with respect to the market, and the risk-free appraise, alpha is attached by A = E( rA ) A (E( rM ) r f ) r f = 0.20 1.2(0.1 0.025) 0.025= 0 .085 = 8.5%.2 caper 6 (BKM, Q23 of Chapter 7) (20 points) adopt the following data for a one- ingredient economy. solely portfolios be sfountainhead change. _______________________________________ Portfolio E(r) Beta -A 10% 1.0 F 4% 0 -Suppose another(prenominal) portfolio E is sanitary diversified with a important of 2/3 and expect restoration of 9%. Would an merchandise hazard embody? If so, what would the trade system be? event You can name a Portfolio G with beta equal to 1.0 (the identical as the beta for Portfolio A) by winning a longsighted coif in Portfolio E and a little(a) range in Portfolio F (that is, acceptance at the risk-free rate and place the offspring in Portfolio E). For the beta of G to equal 1.0, the likeness (w) of funds invested in E must be 3/2 = 1.5The judge return of G is thus E(rG) = (0.50) 4% + (1.5 9%) = 11.5% G = 1.5 (2/3) = 1.0 compargon Portfolio G to Portfolio A, G has the aforementioned(prenominal) beta and a higher(pr enominal) pass judgment return. This implies that an trade hazard exists. Now, consider Portfolio H, which is a on the spur of the moment emplacement in Portfolio A with the homecoming invested in Portfolio G H = 1G + (1)A = (1 1) + (1) 1 = 0 E(rH) = (1 rG) + (1) rA = (1 11.5%) + ( 1) 10% = 1.5% The declaration is a cipher enthronisation portfolio (all produce from the unaw ares sale of Portfolio A are invested in Portfolio G) with zero risk (because = 0 and the portfolios are well diversified), and a incontrovertible return of 1.5%. Portfolio H is an arbitrage portfolio. puzzle 7 (10 points) compare the CAPM supposition with the pertinent theory, apologize the dissimilitude among these two theories? come tending(predicate) applies to well-diversified portfolios and not of necessity to soulfulness stocks. It is come-at-able for close towhat respective(prenominal) stocks not to be on the SML. CAPM assumes thinking(prenominal) fashion for all invest ors happy all requires some rational investors cagy is more prevalent in that its factor does not cause to be the market portfolio. both models give the judge return-beta relationship. 3

Systematic Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

dogmatic - belles-lettres redirect examination ExampleAlthough IT motorbuss do acknowledges the importance of NFRs, individually one of them mother different burn down and ideas on how IT manager can efficaciously increase the safety, security, and general performance of package. fudge of contents decision maker compendious ............................................................................................................. 2 T competent of Contents ................................................................................................................. 3 1. adit ............................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Aims/ intend of the pick out ....................................................................... 5 1.2 seek Objectives ................................................................................. 5 1.3 look Questions .................................................... .............................. 5 1.4 Significance of the Study ......................................................................... 6 1.5 orbital cavity and Limitations of the Study ......................................................... 7 2. ... .......................................................................................... 11 3.1 info Collection strategy .......................................................................... 11 3.1.1 Literature Review .. 11 3.1.2 Research converse . 12 3.2 Research Ethics ....................................................................................... 13 3. Research Findings and tidings .......................................................................... 15 4. oddment and Recommendations ......................................................................... 17 appurtenance I compendium of the Research agendum ............................................................. 19 adjunct II Semi-Structured Research Questionnaire ................................................... 20 vermiform appendix III synopsis of Research call into question Results Research audienceee A ....... 21 auxiliary III Summary of Research Interview Results Research Interviewee B ....... 23 Bibliography ... 25 - 26 References ........................................................................................................................... 27 - 29 1. instauration To be able to stool and explicate useful parcel system, it is necessary to diagnose what the customers want, analyze how to create software requirements, furbish up the software requirements, appoint and manage the software requirements, verify and sustain the systems requirements, maintain the usability and reliability of the system, and finally enrolment the process among others (Leffingwell and Widrig, 2003,

Care Ethics Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

C are Ethics - Personal Statement ExampleWhen my mother asks me to run errands for the house like picking my younger chum salmon up from school or babysitting him while mother has gone to buy grocery, I do it not because I love doing these tasks but because as the elder child this is my responsibility. Although I am least interested in singing nursery rhymes and making cereal for my brother, I have to do it. This is because from a very young age I have been told to become a responsible individual who fulfills all the duties. Therefore this is an example of ethical action ground on duty from my life.The former example illustrates the ethics of care whereby our moral actions are ruled by the understanding of the importance of relationships. My enthusiasm to meet and encourage my grandmother is because of the special bond between us.The latter example shows that my motives to help my mother are based on the Kantian ethics of duty, according to which actions that are done due to incl ination have no moral value. My efforts to help my mother are just to discharge my duties.When I help my grandmother, I flavor forward to the smile on her face and the faintest hint of smile on her face makes me happy and proud of myself. In other words the consequences of my act determine whether my action is morally right or wrong. However when I baby-sit my brother, I do so in reverence to the societal norms.

Five network management categories that make up the FCAPS model Essay

Five network centering categories that make up the FCAPS model - Essay ExampleThese five functionalities are summed up into a five lettered work FCAPS and this is how they are usually referred to. FCAPS NETWORK MODEL Management Network has coined FCAPS. According to The Computer Desktop Encyclopedia (2011), FCAPS is described as, (Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security) The ISO mannequin for network anxiety. If an organization does not bill customers, accounting is replaced with administration. Thus, it is the ISO Telecommunications /management Network model for network management. The five heads, each recognized by their starting letter, are The tasks performed by a network model, as interpreted by the ISO and are given the name FCAPS. Their brief description is stated as follows Fault management The problems being faced by a network and the means and methods by which they are being resolved are referred to as fault management. Fault management detects and highl ights any discrepancies hat may occur in the normal functioning of a network. The resolution of the discrepancies prevents them from reoccurring. This functionality is also a part of fault management. Fault spying is essential for the successful running of a network. The fault detection mechanism of a network usually incorporates the trend analysis strategy. In accordance with it a comparison is made with earlier fault occurrences and their successful resolutions.

Letter from birminghan jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter from birminghan jail - Essay ExampleKing uses logos for explanation or rational presentation of the case directed toward the intellect of the auditor. During this blockage of time, the main driven forces of equal rights movement included new perception of the world and self, new interpretation of freedom and humans rights. The historical evens changed political viewpoints on the suppositions of freedom and diversity of blacks and minorities. King states In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps collection of the facts to determine whether injustices survive negotiation self-purification and direct action (King 221). Using dramatic descriptions, King brightly portrays that racial relations and racism causes labor division and class struggle. This universal function contains for America a special problem the proletariat is largely black, and its demand for inclusion thus threatens the political control of a white minority. Using vivid examples, King states It is even more unfortunate that the citys white power structure left the Negro community with no alternative (King 221). It is not surprising, therefore, if leading dour intellectuals attack the notion of racial democracy and seek to provide a new narrative which offers a central place to those of African descent. The enslaved African became a citizen as stated under the law, but he also became a nigger, cornered from all sides. Through vivid examples, King appeals to the interview stating that this was made spare in the ways in which ethnic identities were subsumed, and still are, within and between economic identities, a political-economic class identity with the ethnic referent made inconspicuous (Lischer 23). Ethoc (ethical appeal) is founded on the virtuous character of the vocaliser as presented in Letter. The first and most important part of ethical appeal is the moral character of the speaker which persuades when his Letter is delivered in a manner rendering him worthy of b elief. This confidence is established in and by the speech itself and not through previous notion the audience may have of the speaker. To win trust, confidence, and conviction, the speaker exhibit intelligence, good sense, virtue and goodwill. Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal(King 224). King demonstrates his the way he exercises his moral choice. For King, this part is very important because it helps the speaker to establish his ethical values as sensible, virtuous, and trustworthy. Also, King gives special attention to the character of his audience to which he suits his Letter. Kings appeals to the audience stating We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was legal and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was illegal (King 228). As it is essential to i mpress the audience favorably with his own character, so it is important for him to adapt his tone and sentiments to the audience (Overton 34). Emotional appeal is produced when King places his listeners in a particular state of mind and makes them feel emotion. It induces belief in an audience and appeals to their inner feelings. On the other hand, rights are

Stratigec management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stratigec management - Essay ExampleThe showtime earned run average is called as the Entrepreneur era that starts from 1909 to 1939.In 1909 HFS built his first prototype with the champion of Malvern boys college engineering workshop and W. Stephenson Peach, grandson of the inventor of the Rocket. (morgan-motor.co.uk) . Sir John Black helped in attaining patent for sliding pillar suspension. The designs made by HFS were lightweight and simple for reliability. In 1910 the Morgan Runabout was showcased at the Olympia motor show London. The three wheeler runabout was a car made with the aim of making low priced vehicle available to the masses. The Three wheelers benefited from the lowering of the road taxes by 3 (bcu.ac.uk). The Morgan motor company gained reputation by 1928 as the most preferred sports car. Many to a greater extent sports versions were launched because of their strong grounding and also greater speed. By 1936 the factory started producing 30,000 cars but by this time the concept of three wheeler cars became irrelevant. As a resolution to tackle this problem, HFS designed a car with four wheel and four cylinder models. The consequence between 1945- 1975 marks the second thirty years of Morgan history. This period was the Gung Ho sports car Era. As time passed on many more new cars were produced like the new version of four-seaters with a modern look and Morgan motors became the first car company to get celebrity endorsements. (morgan-motor.co.uk). This era saw the emergence of his son Peter Morgan Stanley as a creative and innovative leader. The next era started from 1975 to 2005 which was characterized by the world wide safety and emission standards for the motor industry. In this stage, the company realized their social responsibility and worked towards contributing and protecting the environment. The company ameliorate the working conditions for the employee and also gave more attention to quality of the products. The Morgan aero eight was launched in this

Fashion Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Fashion Leadership - Essay ExampleKeeping in view the importance of image of politicians, celebrities and political figures, carriage leadership is a viable methodology to increase their influence because, if people dress like politicians, it subliminally means that people will vote for them. On the another(prenominal) hand, lifestyle replication in public is considered as an effective measure in selecting the most famous personalities in the world. This premise can be back up with Mrs. Obamas large-scale impact on the stock prices of the firms, which are providing her with various attires for her public appearances because, her public appearances are causing the share price of her clothes suppliers to salary increase substantially in following weeks and therefore she is providing these firms with elite class of endorsement. The main point to notice is Mrs. Obamas use of attires which are unique, distinct and not in the reach of the wider population due to its higher value in mon etary terms. This gives her a distinct position and shows her ability to lead by the post of sign and prominence as no other can compete her. Another angle of analysis can relate this observation with historic presumption of power in few hands because capitalism is based on the concept of wealth accumulation within the highest ranks of the society (Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. Karl Marx Estranged Labour, 1844). Therefore, the phenomenon of elbow room influence is commonly associated with the elite societal class due to new fashions high cost in early days.

Northern California film history assignment Essay

Northern California bourgeon history assignment - probe Exampleory that has caused the movie industry to evolve into its current form, the opinions and findings of Trimble will emerge as most relevant and realistic. There is an element of a forgotten by behind Hollywoods emergence as the capital of motion picture industry. The events that can reveal the historic background of this transformation date as long back to the early 1900s when the production activities began shifting from San Francisco to Los Angels in 1907. This has heralded a major change for the Northern California movie scenario apart from the changes the film industry underwent as a whole. Before that most of the production activities in the US have been centered in San Francisco Bay Area. An inquiry down the course of history reveals that the Bay Area was a fertile hub for the early experiments, inventions, and evolution of motion pictures.Pioneers like Edward Muybridge, Edison, and Edwin Porter were involved in t he process of movie qualification in the Bay Area. Without their contributions the motion film industry in US would not have gained its momentum. Thus one cannot overlook as irrelevant Trimbles observation that motion pictures were invented in San Francisco.Yet, much of the print history on motion pictures has ignored San Franciscos contribution and directed their focus on Hollywood as the cognation point of film industry. Credit doesnt seem to have been given where it actually belongs and the flawed assumptions need to be rectified in the light of the facts available. However, if one explores the oral history in the matter the contention seems to honor Southern Californias role in giving the encouragement to the movie industry that made it flourish to its current status. When one examines history and the recorded facts therein, it becomes evident that San Franciscans are key players in the making of the movies and their role has been icy right from the embryonic stage of motion p ictures development as an industry. It was Eadward Muybridge,

Nursing Theory as Framework for Research Coursework

Nursing Theory as Framework for Research - Coursework ExampleAn example of such studies that lack a theoretical theoretical account is that of adherence et al. (2010) that involves a descriptive analysis of articles published a decade ago. Though the study itself seeks to identify the use of theoretical frameworks among articles published in the past louver years from 2010, it lacks a theoretical framework to guide its look for. A theoretical framework impacts numerous aspects of the study. Simply because a theoretical framework guides a research by offering a reference basis for the observations, definition of ideas, research design, explanations, a lack of it implies that the study lacks organization. Therefore, this study lacks organization. According to McEwen and Wills (2014), a theoretical framework guides the researcher in interpreting the study results. In this case, Bond et al. (2010) are not guided by any theory in their collection and interpretation of the data result s. Additionally, this also implies that the researchers lack a connection with the existing knowledge. This study also lacks an explanation of existing theoretical assumptions as it does not respond to questions on how and why (McEwen & Wills, 2014).

Textual analysis of the man in the gray flannel suit by sloan wilson Essay

Textual analysis of the man in the gray flannel suit by sloan wilson (american imagine theme) - Essay ExampleThe center of this novel revolves around the theme of an American Dream. The novel talks of every United States citizens motif to win cheer by satisfying their material wants. This is despite the concept written by James Adams, America is the land in which feeling should be fuller and richer for everyone, depending on their ability and achievement (1931).The Rath family is very unsatisfied with their ordinary lives, referring to it as a thousand petty shabinesses. When Tom returns his wife Betsy wants a better life and future. She wants her economise to be the person he was before the war, a driven and ambitious individual. Her frustration in apparent(a) in her annoyance at mundane trivialities of life Barbaras got the chicken pox and the washing machine broke down.Despite serving his country, Tom Rath finds himself unsuccessful as far as the real world is concerned. His Harvard stop is of little consequence as his education is shunned. To keep his wife happy he applies for a job. Toms heart is not in what he does. He seems to have no drive to succeed in the material world. When applying for this new job the evident lack of desire is evident in his half-hearted it certainly sounds interesting.All of this changes once Tom works in his new company. The American dream forces him to become part of the rat-race that seeks satisfaction through money. The irony of this idea becomes evident when Tom Rath applies for his job for a public relations position. Rath admits that he knows nothing about the job but this idea is ignored by the employer who claims Who does? Youve got a open shirt and you bathe everyday. Thats all there is to it. This shows how skills are of no consequence in this life. It is only about presentation and how quickly that helps achieve the material goal. soon money seems to be the only thing on Toms mind. He keeps repeating it to him self The important thing is to make money and Money, I need

Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Diabetes - Research Paper ExampleThe A1C Diagnostic Tool The testing of diabetes has long been faced with a myriad of challenges that intromit insufficient diagnosis of the disease. Several diabetes diagnostic tests look at been developed everywhere the years but all of them argon not accurate as the haemoglobin A1C level test. The A1C test is undertaken to test the amount of sugar present in the red blood cells. The test looks into the average blood glucose levels in patients body for a close of two to three months. The A1C test uses an averaging system whereby a patients blood glucose levels are tested based on a percentage system (Cunha-vaz, 2011). Diabetes tests conducted using the A1C diagnostic testing tools have been very accurate in estimating blood sugar levels of a patient over a long period of time. Compared to other tests, the A1C test does not require a patient to fast without food for periods of time since the test can be conducted at any time (Ford-Martin, 2004). A1C Research Tests A research was conducted to test the effectiveness of the A1C diagnosis test in South Korea over a period of 6 years. The test was conducted to find out the best levels for haemoglobin A1C level for different diabetes patients this include patients belonging to different races. The research targeted a total of 10,038 participants were included in this research and they first underwent a 75-g oral glucose test tolerance test at baseline with two year follow up. Among the research participants, 572 of them had a previous history of having diabetes (Ford-Martin, 2004). From the results a receiver operating characteristic curve was used to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the A1C cut-off. The results established that at the baseline 635 participants representing 6.8% had previously undiagnosed diabetes. An A1C cut-off of 5.9% produced the highest sum of sensitivity at 68% and specificity (91%). At the end of the research, after 6 years 895 (10.2%) participants ha d developed diabetes. An A1C cut-off of 5.6% had the highest sum of sensitivity (59%) and specificity (77%) in the appointment of consequent 6-year incident diabetes. After variations in adjustment it was found that men with A1C baseline of 5.6% had a 2.4 fold increased risk while women with the same baseline had a 3.1 fold increased risk of contracting diabetes in the future (Cunha-vaz, 2011). The research subject field was successful in concluding that patients with a 5.9% A1C cut-off identified participants with undiagnosed diabetes. The study also concluded that people with A1C equal or greater than 5.6% had increased risk of contracting diabetes in the future. Integration of A1C The research study undertaken by researchers on the agreed levels of Haemoglobin A1C test was important in determining the agreed levels of A1C suitable for diagnosing diabetes. From the research we are able to learn that doctors have found out that people with Haemoglobin A1C level of ? 5.6% have a h igher risk of contracting diabetes. Due to the accuracy of using the A1C diagnosis testing, Doctors are now able to easily detect diabetes in the body. Many researchers agree that the A1C test and research was important in coming up with a appraise A1C cut-off which was put at the level of 6.5%. The results of the South Korean research concluded that the A1C levels of 5.9% contributed to patients contracting type 2 diabetes (Cunha-vaz, 2011). While on the other hand, the same study was conducted among the Japanese population and they found out that an A1C cut-off

How green are electric car batteries Research Paper

How green are electric car batteries - Research Paper ExampleHowever, this trend is yet to be noticed as most of the vehicles in this 21st century are still powered by traditional burns electric cars are yet to call on popular among the masses. The Electric BatteryAn electric car along with all its accessories is powered by its battery. The electric battery draw a bead ons a controller which is used to persevere the main electric motor of the car. Cars driven by gasoline and diesel in like manner have batteries, but they are mainly used to start the locomotive of the vehicle and also power some of its accessories like the radio, television or the air-conditioner. Just like fuel-driven cars need to be reloaded, once they are exhausted of their fuel reserves, the electric car batteries are required to be recharged when they are depleted of their initial power. Therefore, electric batteries need to be strong and enduring in terms of their power and longevity. Till recently, batt ery manufacturers were yet to invent dependable electric batteries that could bring electric vehicles at par with the fuel-driven cars. However, the production of electric cars have drive more affordable in recent times and the main automobile manufacturers are expected to produce such electric cars on a astronomical scale (Lampton, 2011).First Automobile powered by a BatteryIn 1873, R. Davidson of Edinburgh showed that a road vehicle could be driven by an electric battery. He experimented by driving a four-wheeler truck powered by a primary battery made of iron/zinc. After this, in 1881, G. Trouve of France constructed a tricyle, weighing 160 kilograms (350 pounds), which became the first vehicle to be driven with the help of a secondary Plante battery. Trouve utilized dickens customized Siemens motors to drive a huge propelling wheel with the help of twain chains which in turn drove the velocipede. The Plante battery helped the motors to develop the strength of 1/10 horsepower which enabled the tricycle to move at a speed of 12 kilometres per hour (7 miles per hour). Later, Trouve demonstrated that electric batteries could be used to drive other forms of vehicles too. During the selfsame(prenominal) year, he experimented by operating a motor boat on the river Sienne which was powered by electric batteries. In the following year (1882), Professors William Ayrton and John Perry of Eng land, also demonstrated the utility of electric batteries in driving transport vehicles. They had also developed a tricycle powered by an electric battery which had a capacity of 1 ? kilowatt hour. This battery consisted of ten Plante type battery cells made up of lead/acid. Apart from this, the tricycle had a direct stream (DC) motor having the strength of ? horsepower, which was fitted under the drivers seat. The electric battery supplied a current of 20 volts to the DC motor which in turn propelled the vehicle. The tricycle could travel at a speed between 16 and 40 kilome ters per hour (between 10 and 25 miles an hour), the speed varying according to the type of land terrain traversed. This speed could be regulated by switching the batteries sequentially in series (Westbrook, 2001, pp.9-10). How Electric Car Batteries are Made In the present-day world, the two most popular forms of electric car batteries are the advanced nickel metal hybride battery (NiMH) and the advanced automotive lithium ion (Li-ion) battery. Majority of these two types of batteries are produced by firms in China,

The Big Bang Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Big Bang Theory - Essay ExampleThe life-size bang theory is yet other one of its kind that seeks to explain the origin of life and the existence of issuing and the whole universe. The Big Bang theory is built on the foundation that in the very beginning, estimated like fifteen billion of years ago, the universe was in an infinite form. Nothing was in existence other than the plasma soup. Now, all the nada and the matter were compressed in just one place. Then (Hawking and Ellis 213), a tremendous explosion occurred, that kicked finish off the process of expanding the universe that forced the universe to spud a definite shape. As a result, of this explosion, all particles of matter that were broken into extremely tiny microscopic particles were thrown about, away such that no both single one was close to each other (Hawking & Ellis 215). Thus, from when the big bang occurred, there has been an expansion of the universe endlessly in all directions, thus paltry the galaxies to their present day position. The theory asserts that the universe was too hot in the subsequent period following the explosion. Thereafter, all the particles that were thrown all over began to still down. The cooling down of these particles eventually started the long process of forming matter, by crumpling to each other. As the cooling process continued, it created a conducive environment for the matter to mature. The matter so formed started to decay, as the universe expansion continued. They eventually formed up the composite particles, commonly known protons, neutrons and electrons (Eastman and Missler 112). The composite particles, soon after, started reacting with each other, forming the hydrogen isotope. These are the basis of life, as we know it today. However, many misconceptions relate to this theory. While there is an argument that a massive explosion took place that sent off different particles of matter that are the beginning of life, there is also a counter argumen t that no actual explosions took place. The proponents of this view (Hawking & Ellis) argue that a serial publication of endless expansion took place. According to them, the expansion created more space and altered the temperatures that initially existed in the universe. This change of temperatures allowed the cooling down of particles, thus creating a in demand(predicate) condition for the elements of life to thrive. Another counter argument is that (Eastman and Missler 116), at the very beginning, space did not exist. It has developed over time, as does the rest of matter. With such a view, then we cannot know where the energy, matter and the plasma soup existed. The causes of this theory are highlighted by certain underlying opinions (Andreeva 24). First, there is a thought that the universe must(prenominal) have had a beginning (Eastman and Missler 118). Whichever it was, it is not satisfactorily put across. This only serves to seek an explanation for this beginning. Another r eason for the establishment of this theory is the fact that the galaxies seems to lay aside moving away, a clear suggestion that the expansion of the universe does happen. That the elements of life, hydrogen and helium, are found in the universe further needs an explanation (Hawking and Ellis 230), that the big bang theory has sought to provide. The theory also stems from the ideology that some heat residuals should have remained in the universe. This is supported by the discovery of the cosmic microwave that occurred in 1965 (Eastman and Miss

Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Industry Analysis - Essay ExampleOther significant competitors in this segment include Polaris, BMW, and Triumph. Honda is the worlds biggest motorcycle producer, followed by Yamaha, and Suzuki. In the U.S., Harley has the biggest market get by. Heavyweight Motorcycle Producer Approximate Worldwide Market share Ranking Honda 1st Yamaha 2nd Suzuki 3rd Harley-Davidson 4th Kawasaki 5th BMW 6th Polaris 7th Triumph 8th 3 Strengths One of the prominent strengths of Harley-Davidson is the precedent of its brand. Harley-Davidson attracts a strong following from its loyal nodes worldwide due to its commitment to the delivery of a unique experience. The ability of Harley-Davidson to deliver unforgettable experiences is the biggest attraction to Harley-Davidson customers worldwide. The particular date offers a platform to other stakeholders to experience Harley-Davidson lifestyle, environment, people, and products. In addition, Harley-Davidson strength also emanates from its strong after s ales service, which is exhibited by its family concept exhibited by Harley Owners Group (HOG). Harley-Davidsons marketing efforts such as dealer promotions, customer events, and advertising have consolidated the companys brand. ... Harley-Davidson derives a lot of strength for its customized products that appeal to the customers specifications. In offering a range of customized bikes, the company is assured of aligning its products with the prevailing consumer needs and expectations. The continuity of a unique culture of allow customers share their adventure and experience of the companys products has made Harley-Davidson an American icon. Harley-Davidson initiatives such as building of a museum in Milwaukee in 2008 have prosecute to build a unique experience that reinforces bonds between the company and the company. Weaknesses Harley-Davidson faces challenges in keeping in touch with an ever growing advancement in the role of motorcycles. Although Harley-Davidson motorcycles emb ody an innovative design and high performance, keeping up with an ever growing innovation by the competitors are challenging as the company has forever and a day invested in research and development (David, 2011). In addition, some of the prominent competitors of Harley-Davidson strategic alliance between Suzuki and Kawasaki in the fields of product development, design, engineering, and manufacturing may have heightened competition. some other weakness that befalls Harley-Davidson is competition from established heavyweight motorcycle dealers such as Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki, and Yamaha. The heavyweight motorcycle market is highly competitive, especially from competitors based outside the join States. Most of Harley-Davidson competitors are diversified in the automotive market and other fields. The diversification reinforces the competitors operations while Harley-Davidson remains exposed to aspects such as economical

Employee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee - Essay Exampleons and excellent criminal and disciplinary records argon apt(predicate) to respect the policies of our company than those whose records are questionable (Rees and Smith 43). More often than not, these records symbolize a potential employees character and ability to meet workplace expectations. For the five employees, we will as well look for evidence of leadership ability and good moral and religious background. For example, employees who make held leadership positions in their previous places of work are more likely to understand the demands of confidentiality and high-level professionalism than those who are yet to demonstrate leadership ability.Good moral and religious background is usu altogethery indicative of a persons character and commitment. For example, individuals with a sound religious foundation are more likely to show loyalty and respect confidentiality. Another factor that we will aim when hiring the five employees is age. Experienced emplo yees are more likely to understand and respect readments for strategic and information confidentiality. Experience also symbolizes professional acuity and flexibility, since older employees have probably encountered similar expectations at their previous places of work (Perkins and Arvinen-Muondo 28). Apart from the curriculum vitae, which is a prerequisite in any recruitment process, we will also require the five job applicants to have social security cards, birth certificates, identification cards, work permit, and academic documentation to verify the information provided in the resume. These documents are mandatory, and all applicants must have them or present them during the interview process.For applicants who are not US citizens, they must present original passports and legible copies of the appropriate pages indicating current in-migration status. Applicants who are selected will be required to review and sign the employment contract and terms of conditions before commencing their tenures. Since the five

Of Mice and Men Characters Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Characters EssayIn the fabrication, Candy and Curleys wife play a deep part of the ideas that Steinbeck wants to convey through Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck shows this via the events and treat custodyts that these 2 characters undergo. Their speech and actions also indicate major themes in the world they were in and how desperate the era was.Candy presents an element on the sadness in the novel hes a unfortunate man whos passed his expiry date. Hes been involved in an accident and lost his arm and by this, he has been reduced to the swamper of the rank- a very secondary status job. Steinbeck may specifically choose this job for candy as a swamper (a cleaner) tends to be a job that fair sex generally work as and in this job, they often gossip a lot like Candy does. He does this as it is the only pleasure that he can experience in his sad rotting life. This paints the portrait of how sad Candys background may be and soon this is elaborated on even more in futur e events.In the middle section of the book, we see how Candy is bullied by Carlson into having his best friend- his mark put down. We know that Candy is very close to his dog as Steinbeck truly chooses to describe the dog very similarly to Candy. They are both old, physically impaired and get described generally as a liability. Steinbeck chooses to describe the dog as ancient which produces unbendable imagery of a dog being similar to an old antique. Although it may possess positive connotations, it is obvious referable to Carlsons reaction that the dog is old, dirty and has no purpose anymore. soon after as Carlson enforces the idea, Candy desperately tries to dismiss it. It states how he looked helperlessly which shows how reluctant he is and knows there is no some other possible stunnedcome. Carlson even shows utter disrespect to his dog by pointing at it with his toe. By using his tower, he suggests that the dog is on par with the lowliest part of his body and doesnt r equire the effort to do his hands. Nevertheless, Candy shows no aggression to this outrageous act and concedes to Carlsons insensitive actions. Steinbeck may choose these image of events to show how a cruel world the characters and race had to live in. It really puts forward survival of the fittest and shows how depressingly cheap life is since heap can soft walk over you when youre unable to fight for yourself.Even after all the abuse he has received, Candy is still able to show kindness to others. At the point where Candy overhears Georges dream, he slowly asks whether he can join them. We know that he isnt greedy at this point since he repeatedly mentions how he would involuntaryly try his best with jobs such as cook or hoe despite he aint much good. He also says how he is willing to give up all his money he received when he los his hand and this just shows how he is desperately giving all he has to help them only for a little in return. Steinbeck emphasises how emotionally willing Candy is that he would trade in the compensation for something irreplaceable to him for the benefit of others. This makes the reader realize with Candy and understand how strong dreams are in life how they give people hope, the strength to keep living and the strength to be a twee person again.Curleys wife on the other hand is the complete opposite. Her story plays a large part in the novel as it shows how dreams can calf love peoples hope as easily and they give people hope. Throughout the novel, we set out always seen Curleys wife as the problem. She is described as poison and jailbait by George which initially makes readers dislike her. We feel that she can cause the downfall of our newly made friends dreams so she is instantly given a hostility status by Steinbeck. However, he may deliberately do this to create a larger impact when we learn why she may possibly act the way she does.At earliest stages of the novel, we learn how Curleys wife loves and seeks attention. Steinbeck describes how she was standing at the doorway blocking off the sunshine in the doorway deliberately. This implies that she wants the men in the bunkhouse to look up due to the sudden change as she purposefully blocks the light off so that they would do so. It also describes how she was heavily made up that she was making a large effort to attract attention of the men. The word heavily also has connotations that she was trying to hard to an extent where it had negative effects on her. This may also constitute her character through physical features- that her personality has been corrupted and turned ugly.In the final stages of the book, we learn what has driven Curleys wife to act in this aggressive way. Although she speaks to groups of men with hostility, when its one on one, it runs a lot more smoothly and she seems like she enjoys herself. This has a large contract since there is juxtaposition between section 4 and 5. We see her nasty side where she mock George, Lennie and Candys dream calling it baloney and scoffs at it yet even herself who has been crushed by her own dream may secretly believe.This shows that beneath this angry cover of hers, may be a vulnerable person who only feels the bitterness and jealousy of others happiness hinted by the sound out secretly believe. Steinbeck states this about the cowboy magazines to suggest what type of sad life people live in however, within dreams still lies hope but people are afraid to admit to the hope since they are scared of the criticism others show. This idea is developed implicitly mainly by the word secret. Through this attitude, people have become cynical and cold over the time which is what Steinbeck may want to show us.Curleys wife shares with Lennie her dream in section 5. The fact that she has never told anyone (which she states herself) shows how underneath all the bitterness she has experienced, the memory of the dream she once had (or partially may still have) changes her to be kind a nd share her deepest secrets with a stranger. On the other hand, Lennie may be an exception since he is nuts implying that he may be able to keep this secret. Furthermore, we learn how Curleys wife left home since she had a hunch that her mother stole her letters. The word stole in this context possesses quite negative connotations since Curleys wife directly accuses her own mother for betraying her. However, this was most seeming an excuse and lie to herself since she couldnt bear the reality of having her dream crushed by the stranger who created it. This yet again emphasises how strong dreams were at this time which broke lives altogether. equalize how female speakers are presented in Havisham by Carol Ann Duffy and one poem from the Pre-1914 Poetry Bank.The two female speakers in Havisham and The laboratory both are presented as rather mentally unstable people. They both have experienced rejection from a man and feel belittled or embarrassed by this. However, their reactions an d response to this rejection discord to a huge extent. The speaker in Havisham is shown to have rotted away being devoured by her bitterness whereas the speaker in Lab seemed to be or so more insane driven by her jealous feelings of insecurity to try and kill someone.The bitterness from the character in Havisham is clear from the start. She describes the man who left her as a beloved sweetheart bastard. This use of oxymoron shows several possible connotations. By putting two very opposite words together- one stating strong fancy and one stating utter most hate, the idea that beneath the hate she holds against him lies love for him. Elaborating on this may suggest how she may hate him as she cant have him or even because she actually still loves him deep inside. Above all, this suggests how she cant seem to let go of him and move on which presents her mental state to the readers.alike in Lab, we understand the feelings of the speaker through clever use of language. For instance, R obert Browning chooses to say devils smithy. Devil automatically conjures the sense of evil or corruptness whereas a smithy is somewhere where things are made such as weapons (blacksmith). These combined imply that a creation of evil with vixenish intent is occurring in the poem. Soon after we discover that the protagonist has experienced similar rejection to that of Havisham.He is with her suggests that the man he wants is with another woman. By referring to them as he and her, it creates an enigmatic feeling or even that their names are insignificant and it is purely the concept that she has been left for a woman who is better than her which causes her rage. We know that she is also jealous when the speaker wishes for the other woman breast and her arms and her hands to drop dead. She specifically chooses these body parts implying that these are the parts which the other women best her at and this is why she hates them.In Havisham, the speakers reaction to this rejection was simp ly to rot with it burning them. She continues to feel this bitterness as suggested with the word Spinster. This word possesses a harsh consonance sound as if she spits it out with such disgust. It is also a one word sentence which emphasises it and also makes it out to be some what of an insult. The word stink and remember following subsequently reinforces this as if shes being driven crazy by the thought of people calling her a spinster. Thus all she does for the rest of her days is rot in her hate. We get the impression that shes been doing this for years since she describes how her dress yellowing- yellowing suggesting dirtying from the years its been on her.On the otherhand, the speaker is Lab is made out to be more malicious than having thoughts of hate. As she makes the poison, she describes the creation with very vivid verbal details. Grind away, moisten and mash up create strong imagery and each of the verbs hold strong care in creating something. By suggesting this care an d importance that has gone into the poison, it seems that she really relishes the creation. And finally as she fantasises about how delicious the event would be, she thinks about how the dying suit would be branded into the male characters mind. She wants to mentally scar him with the horrendous image possibly for punishment or to make him see how ugly the other woman is when she becomes shrivelled suggesting how her face would become contorted with agony. As she describes this with such detail and precision, the poet presents to us how malicious and bitter the speaker is.A thus through use of language and theme, the poets have successfully produces a very clear image of the bitter, hate filled speakers and how theyve become this way and even how they have dealt with this. The speaker in Havisham rotting and yellowing opposed to the minion in Lab who relishes in the thought of killing and branding someone with the scarring image of death.

American Indians Today Essay Example for Free

American Indians Today EssayThe inbred Americans were the primary citizens of America long before white hands set on foot in the area. When the Europeans conquered the American soil, an estimated 10 million Indians composed the Population of America. It is situated at the north of the country, present-day Mexico. According to fib scholars, the inherent Americans were believed to settle in the country approximately 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. ( autochthonicamericans) The primeval Americans were able to get into the country through the land-bridge situated from the northeastern Siberia into Alaska. The primary Indian cultures in North America is classified into Sandia, discovered in 15000 BC, Clovis in 12000 BC and Folsom in 8000 BC. The identification of the Native Americans should not be misguidedly understood as the Indians of Asia since the term was coined by Christopher Columbus when he mistakenly believe the Native Americans as part of the islands of America as part of t he Indies in Asia. (nativeamericans) When the Europeans arrived in the country, the Native Americans welcomed them graciously and considered it a marvel to see white men.Considering too the technologies the European brought, the Native Americans were impressed with their conquering guests. However, as the Europeans started to degrade the forests inhabited by the Native Americans, the Native Americans realized the real intention of the Europeans that has consequently disturbed the balance in their nature. Aside from the natural resources employed by the European conquerors, even the Native Americans were seen as a commodity for manpower and labor. (Berkhofers) The Native Americans began to attribute the Europeans into soulless creatures that were in their territory to destruct their natural environment.Not only did the Europeans abuse the environment, they also brought diseases that were infectious to the Native Americans. This eventually led to several uprising of the Native India ns. (Berkhofers)The Europeans were accustomed to conquests, so the Native Americans responded against the Indian Wars and the Indian Removal Act which enabled the Europeans to sire ownership of the country. It was a great disadvantage for the Native Americans because of their number, lack of weapons and unwillingness to cooperate even at their own expense.In a final shove off against the Native Americans, U. S cavalrymen massacred Indian warriors, women and children in 1890. (Native America Portrait of the People Thomas) For more years, many have believed that the Native Americans are extinct cultures. That is why many American Indians are advocating their right to be known as a culture which fought hard and survived whatever they have experienced in their own native land. Many American Indians are still trying to establish their own identity in a country that has become to be white men populated.

Curriculum Design Essay Example for Free

Curriculum Design EssayChapter 7 ASCD Yearbook Fundamental Curriculum Decisions, 1984 People shagnot intelligently discuss and communicate with others rough political plat pee without first making very clear what their interpretation of a computer programme is. In this chapter, we go forth be intellection of a curriculum as a written plan for the directional program of a check or schools. Curriculum shape them will consist of those considerations haying to do with the issues, the form, and the position of the diverse elements of a curriculum. We distinguish between curriculum planning and instructional planning with curriculum planning being the antecedent task. Curriculum planners ar forced to make practice decisions almost from the outset of their work. The material body decisions revolve around three important considerations (1) the range of school levels and schools to be covered by the curriculum, (2) the act of elements to be allow ind in the curriculum, and (3) the nature and scope of separately of those elements.Each of these requires supplementitional explanations. Decisions just just about the range of school levels and schools to be covered by the curriculum normally be mot very complicated, and the range usually coincides with the sphere of authority of the board of education. Districts may elect to plan a curriculum from kindergarten through grade 12 they may elect to plan one curriculum for the elementary schools and one for the secondary schools or they may elect to direct each school unit to plan its own curriculum.Planning gatherings will oblige to decide about the number of elements to be included in the curriculum. Among the options for comprehension are(1) a program line of goals or purposes,(2) a meation of written document intent and expenditure,(3) an evaluation scheme, and(4) a body of gloss study selected and organized with the expectancy that if the culture content is judiciously implemented in cla ssrooms through the instructional program, the goals or purposes for the schools will be achieved. To this list, some would add suggested pupil activities, instructional materials, and so forth, but these matters belong much rightfully in the domain of instructional planning and we will not consider them here. A a couple of(prenominal) comments about each of these quaternion elements will be helpful to the reader in understanding their import for curriculum decisions.Most curriculum writers would agree that it is desirable to include a statement of goals or purposes to be achieved by schools through the implementation of the planned curriculum. They may disagree as to what the goals ought to be, or they may disagree about the point of specificity of the statements to be included. The most famous statement of goals or purposes for schools became known as the Seven Cardinal Principles of Education as formulated by the Commission on the reorganisation of Secondary Schools in 1918 . They were health, command of the fundamental playes, worthy home membership, vocation, civic education, worthy project of leisure, and ethical character.There is less consistency among curriculum writers in terms of their insistence upon including a statement of document intent and procedure in a curriculum, and, in practice many curricula do not chequer such statements.Curricula tolerate, in the past, contained statements in lamed to reveal the philosophy or point of view of the planners but this is not what we mean by a statement of document intent and use. A statement of document intent and use should be forthright and direct about such matters as (1) how teachers are expected to use the curriculum as a point of departure fur developing their breeding strategies,(2) the fact that the curriculum is the official educational policy of the board of education, (3) the degree of universality in expectancy with regard to the discretion of teachers in implementing the curriculum , and(4) the degree to which teachers are to be held accountable for the implementation of the curriculum.These are illustrative of the kind of statement that may be formulated, but each planning group will have to decide on the number and character of such statements. With the amount of ferocity put upon curriculum evaluation in recent years, some mandate with respect to the curriculum evaluation is a very sensible option for inclusion in a curriculum. The most common method of pupil evaluation used in the past has been the standardized (norm referenced) achievement test. In most cases, in that respect were no deliberate attempts to relate published curricula to the test batteries. Therefore, any leap in assumption about the directness of the relationship between curriculum content and whatever was measured by the tests was likely to be untenable. All the more reason for formalizing an evaluation scheme by including it in the curriculum.In one form or another, a curriculum must include a body of culture content that has been deemed by the planners and directing authorities to be important for schools to use in fulfilling their roles as transmitters of culture to the oncoming generations of young people. The basic curriculum enquire is, and always has been, that of what shall be taught in schools, and a major function of a curriculum is to translate the answer to that question into such forms that schools can fulfill their commitment and demonstrate that they leave done so.Most of the remainder of this chapter is devoted to handling of this element of a curriculum so we will leave it at this point. But it should be made clear that from these options as say-so elements of a curriculum, there emerge dickens dimensions of curriculum design. One is the choice of and the arrangement of the elements to be included in the curriculum. The other is the form and arrangement of the contents of each of the elements internally. The design job is greatest in the ca se of the form and arrangement of the culture content and it is the one most frequently discussed under the heading of curriculum design by curriculum writers past and present. .Culture Content-Knowledge-Curriculum ContentA curriculum is an aspect of the choice of content selected from our total culture content and, as such, it is an typeface of the role of the school in the society for which the school has been established to serve. A word needs to be said here about the meaning associated with the expression culture content. Ralph Linton provided us with a classical and very useful definition of culture. He statedA culture is the configuration of learned look and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society (1945, p. 32).The term society is ordinarily used to refer to a group of individuals who live together with common norms and shared frames of reference. Societies tend to generate their own culture and to tran smit that culture to oncoming generations within that society. So long as societies and their cultures remained in a primitive state, their cultures were simple and could be transmitted to oncoming generations by direct contact between the young and the older members of the society. But as societies became more complex and the scope of their culture content increased so that the contagious disease of the culture content to the young could no longer be terminated by direct contact in daily living, societies were forced to create institutions to take on the responsibility for all or part of the cultural transmission task. The school is one of those institutions. The church is another. Both of these institutions have unique roles to play in society, and they tend to transmit different culture content to the young. Parochial schools tend to do both.As Smith indicated in Chapter 3 of this Yearbook (not in this reading JG), the culture content selected to be included in the curriculum of the school may be thought of as equivalent to the knowledge to which school students are to be exposed. In any case, it is criti imposey important to be certain that not all culture content, or knowledge, accumulated by society comes under the purview of the school curriculum planning is a do work of selecting and organizing culture content for transmission to student by the school. The process is very complex, involving input from many sources, but the organized end-result of the process is the design of the curriculum.The most sophisticated humor of organization of culture content for purposes of teaching is reflected by the various disciplines such as history, chemistry, or mathematics. In addition to the established and recognized disciplines, school crushs have been created out of conventional wisdom m the applications of selected portions of the disciplines to applied areas of our culture such as vocational subjects, social studies, or reading and handwriting. In genera l, the separate subject organization of culture content has predominated in curriculum design. Another way of speaking about curriculum content is to refer to cognitive content, skill content, and think of or attitudinal content. As Smith discussed more fully in Chapter 3, all three types of content represent knowledge in some from either in the form of direct knowledge or a knowledge base. The three forms have been used as a classification schema or a taxonomy for curriculum content formulation.Historic Curriculum Design ConflictsOne must realize that tire basic curriculum question is, and always has been, one of what shall be taught in the schools. An immediate corollary to that question has been that of how shall what has been chosen to be taught in the school be organized so as to best facilitate the subsequent decisions about teaching and tuition. Those two questions are the primary curriculum questions, and the organized decisions made in response to them culminate in a curr iculum design. A few reflections about our curriculum past will illustrate settle of the conflicts in curriculum design that have taken place.In her study, Sequel observed that curriculum as we use the term today was not a subject of professional discussion until after 1890 (1966, p. 1). Rugg contended that decisions about curriculum content prior to the twentieth century were decided primarily by textbook writers and textbook publishers (1926, Pp. Ill-11). It was not until 1918 that Bobbitt wrote the first definitive work on curriculum and since that time curriculum writers have directed their attention to the substance and organization of curriculum content (curriculum design) and to the processes of curriculum planning, implementing, and evaluating.By the early 1900, the stage had been set for the separate subjects organization of the culture content to be used in schools. In our very early elementary or primary schools, for example, pupils were taught to read, to write, and to c ompute the subjects were called reading, writing, and arithmetic. Much later such subjects as geography, history, and civics were added to the curriculum. In our early secondary schools, pupils were taught a selection of subjects (disciplines) that were directly associated with the disciplines taught at the college or university. Even though the separate subjects organization of culture content was used forwards curriculum became an area of professional study, it is still with us. True, subjects have ben added and others altered, but it remains the dominant approach to curriculum design.The separate subjects mode of curriculum design has been importantly challenged yet once in our history. That challenge came with the advent of the Progressive Education movement. A principal belief of the Progressive Education movement was its dramatic stress on the learner in school settings. A substantial portion of the Progressive emphasis on the learner was stimulated by John Deweys (1916) ca ll for more active and less passive learning in schools. This focus on the learner when applied to the organization of curriculum content led to endeavors adopt away from the separate subjects organization of tire curriculum content.The movemen away from the separate subjects organization (sometimes called subject-centered) was toward the integration, or alinement, of subjects under the assumption that such integration would not only facilitate learning on the part of pupils but would additionally make the knowledge, skills, and attitudes more easily available to the pupils in post-school life (the tilt problem). The basic process involved here was the fusion of the contents of two or more of the separate subjects into another organization in which the individual subjects lost their separate identities. As one might expect, names were associated with the various integration or fusion attempts. Figure 1 adapted from Hopkins (1941, p. 18) illustrates the variety of names associated with curricula resulting from integrative or fusion processes. Hopkins here polarized the subject curriculum and the bed curriculum. The broad fields curriculum was placed in the center so as to show that it had a reasonable number of the characteristics of the two extremes. Others as indicated on either side depending on emphasis.Space in this volume will not permit extensive description of curricula developed as part of the efforts to move away from separate subjects organization. The best we can do here is to identify some of them and cite sources for further investigation on the part of the reader. For example, in their hook The Child-Centered School, Rugg and Shumaker (1928) presented brief descriptions of the curricula of the Lincoln School, The Frances Parker School, and others of that time. In most cases, the curricula were built around child-centered units of work, but attention was focused as indispensable on such basic subjects as reading, mathematics, history, geogra phy, and so forth. One of the most extreme departures from separate subjects organization was proposed by Stratemeyer and others (1957). The authors proposed the persistent life situations concept as a basis for dealing with the curriculum building issues of scope, sequence, continuity, balance, and depth.At the junior and senior high school levels, special mention should be made of the event curriculum. The core curriculum idea was to get away from nothing but the discipline-centered curriculum. Most core programs were organized around larger and more flexible blocks of time, and the content was generally centered on personal and social problems and problems of living. In many respects the core curriculum idea was an attempt to solve the general education problem in our upper schools.It is important to note that in practice in schools, curriculum design failed to get very far away from the subject- or discipline-centered design. The most lasting effect of the movement was the broa d fields idea as represented by social studies, language arts, and general science, and they have persisted for the most part in curricula for elementary and junior high schools.Contemporary Arguments About Curriculum DesignProbably the most persistent movement in curriculum design in recent years has been the proposed use of specific behavioral objectives as a basis for curriculum organization. Curriculum writers have long proposed that curricula ought to contain statements of goals or objectives, but not as the only content of a curriculum. roughly contemporary writers have proposed that curricula should be thought of in terms of the anticipated consequences of instruction, or intended learning outcomes. (For example, see Popham and Baker, 1970 Johnson, 1977). The culture content in such cases would either be implied in the objectives or be considered as an instructionaldecision. A distinct advantage of this type of curriculum design is that supervision of the implementation and of the evaluation of the curriculum is simplified and facilitated. Such proposals are in direct line of products to a proposal that a curriculum should he composed in four parts(1) a statement of goals,(2) an outline of the culture content that has the potential for reaching the goals,(3) a statement of the intended use of the curriculum, and(4) a schema for the evaluation of the curriculum (Beauchamp, 1981, p. 136).They are in even greater contrast to those who would include instructional considerations such as suggested activities for learners and instructional materials to be used. Curriculum planners should be warned that the inclusion of all of these things produces fat and unmanageable curricula.With respect to the culture content of curricula, two organizational concepts persist both in the literature and in the practice of writing curricula. The first is the tendency to continue with the basic framework of the subjects, or disciplines, that are to be taught. The second is to break the subject areas down into three identifiable components(1) cognitive,(2) inquiry and skill, and(3) affective (value, moral, attitudinal).Curriculum planners will probably wish to begin their thinking about design with the familiar, which will unquestionably be the conventional school subjects. They will consist of mathematics, social sciences (including social studies as a subject), the natural sciences, exquisite and applied arts, health and physical education, communications, and other languages. At the secondary school level, planners will add to these whatever vocational and technical subjects they may wish to offer. Some planners will wish to add an area that may be termed social problems, molar problems, or problems of living that may call for applications of elements learned in various conventional subjects.Curriculum planning is an educative process. For this reason classroom teachers should be involved in the undertaking. A very important reason for their involv ement is that the process of curriculum planning presents an opportunity for them to engage in analysis of the culture content so that they may be more effective in their classrooms at the level of instruction. The analytic process of breaking down the culture content into cognitive, affective, and inquiry and skill components is one way that teachers may become mote wise(p) about what they do. Also in this process of analyzing the culture content, the content is more specifically related to goals and at the same time it fosters better curriculum implementation. For these reasons, teachers elaborateness in curriculum deliberations has been proposed frequently as a needed dimension of continuous teacher education.In Chapter 3, Smith increase the very important question of the utility of the culture content selected to be part of the curriculum content, and he posed several ways in which the utility of knowledge can be emphasized. In a more specific vein, Broody, Smith, and Burnett (1964) suggested on, potential uses of learnings acquired in school to he taken into consideration. They are the associative use, the replicative use, the applicative use, and the interpretive use (pp. 43-60). in truth briefly, the associative use of knowledge refers to the psychological process of responding to a raw(a) situation with elements of knowledge previously acquired. The replicative use refers to situations that call for direct and familiar use of schooling such as when we read a newspaper, write a letter, or balance a checkbook .The applicative use occurs when an individual is confronted with a new problem and is able to solve the new problem by the use of knowledge acquired in the study of school subjects through previous experience in solving problems demanding similar applications. The interpretive use of schooling refers to the orientation and perspective the individual brings to new situations because the individual has acquired ways of conceptualizing and classif ying experience.Much of the discussion about uses of schooling (especially use external to the school) is an elaboration of the transfer problem that has plagued educators ever since Edward Thorndike first set forth his theory of transfer through the existence of kindred elements in 1908. The most easily explained is the replicative use as described above because of the direct similarity between the use external to the school and the mode of learning and practice in school. Take reading for example. Reading from school materials is directly similar to reading of materials outside the school. But when it comes to applying knowledge or making new interpretations or associations between knowledge required in school and life situations external to schools, a more complicated transfer situation exists.Unfortunately, many of the questions raised about utility and uses of schooling have not been answered through curriculum design. Nor are they likely to be because so much is dependent upo n classroom teaching technique and the design of instructional strategies. The best efforts in curriculum design have been through the generation of new courses (subjects if you please) in which the content is purportedly more like life external to the school. Reference here is made not only to specialized courses such as technical, vocational, commercial and occupational courses but similarly to courses designed around molar problems, problems of living, and core programs.In many respects, the broad fields courses were designed for purposes of saving time during the school day and to facilitate the transfer of knowledge acquired. But whatever the curriculum design, if teachers are not aware of and sensitive to the kind of analyses of the content to be taught as we have been discussing it, the uses of schooling will not be maximized. All the more reason why teachers should be part of the curriculum planning effort and participate in the required dialogue.In summary, then, what cour ses of action with respect to curriculum design appear to be the most appropriate for todays curriculum planners? The most important aspect of curriculum design is the let on to be made of culture content once the content has been selected. The total amount of culture content is forever and a day growing thus making the problem of selection for curriculum content more difficult as time goes on. Unquestionably, the role of those schools (elementary and secondary) that operate under compulsory school attendance laws must constantly be examined in terms of what they should or should not offer in their curricula. The elementary school curriculum has always been designed with general education in mind. In our contemporary society, the secondary school seems to be moving in that same direction. Both, however, have seen fit to divide the content selected into realms or courses as appropriate. reaching and sequence have long been two major problems in curriculum design. The display of cou rse content into topical outline is one way planners can watch for discrepancies in scope and sequence. It also helps with horizontal articulation among the various subjects. To help teachers generate greater insight into the content outline, it is desirable that the curriculum design reveal the expected cognitive, inquiry or skill, and affective outcomes.These are conventionally arranged in the design of the content in parallel with the topics in the outline. bleed behaviorally the outcomes are to be stated is optional to the planners. These outcomes should also be thought of in terms of any goals or purposes that may be stated in the curriculum. What else to include in the design is optional to the plan. It has become rather conventional to think of goals or purposes first and then to select the content. Such procedure is quite arbitrary because all content is selected with some purpose in mind. Nonetheless, a statement of goals and purposes is a useful element in curriculum des ign.I would add to the topic outline and the expected outcomes a directive statement about the intended use to be made of the curriculum and a statement outlining a scheme for evaluating it.