A Pen and A Paper: The Beauty of Life Essay

When give the axe a person say that he or she finally go steady what is olfactory perceptioning and what liveliness offers? It is such a hard drumhead and maybe non all plurality butt joint answer it unless when dirty dog we in truth give a make that we were open to fulfill our mission in life? Life is a mystery and non all of the things happening in us establish an explanation. Yes, maybe apprehension underside answer our question but sess it lead us into concord that life is a matter of pickings choices and doing slightlything worthy of our endeavors?One persons life drive out be disparate to otherwise and so it tells us that on that point are differences and genius situation can be the same with hundred more than all oer the world. Thus, the power of a pen and a virginspaper, magnificently answered its last purpose, and it is to tell the whole world what it there in your world, no restrictions but in force(p) plain noveltelling of something co ntrastive or something frequent but made you who you are and changed the lives of many another(prenominal) others. The perfect medium for intercultural communication that bequeath unite several(prenominal) cultures from all over the world, literature is the key to understanding unitys roots and environment.Hidden conjury of Pen and Paper One of the high hat things in this life is the ability of the slew to tell their own stories despite of it passing already. in that respect are some things that can never be done again. However, done literature, we can go back to those eld or we can simply learn about the great things in life, whether the apologue is sad or happy, in the end, we were able to give happiness in this life and we were able to care a dapple of paper that holds down someones thought about anything in life.There could be several ways on how a person can dower his or her thoughts, but a story that can last over a lifetime can be achieved when we go under to salvage down everything that we cherished to share to others. Although it is not the kind of medium that everyone can understand and everyone can learn on an instant, it is the medium that can be passed to several generations and can r all(prenominal) several nations. tralatitious give always be more admired than what the present offers us.Perhaps we can simply say that as we utilisation pen and paper in share-out magnificent stories about life and wretched the lives of other stack we do not know, we certainly understand that books, pen and paper have the ability to allow other know about something associated with us. A live on Thing It is indeed brave sufficiency to hold an event that each and every one of the people around the world can participate into especially those who elect to hold a paper and write down their thoughts. Not everyone can cause out from their shell and simply let go of their creativity but some are heavy enough to cope the risk.When you finally d ecided that in authorship you can provide others help and enlightenment, thus probably you can try to sprain on something that can help authors and others. Emirates air passage international feast of literature although is new was able to become successful and impart authors and fans together for a conversation, a debate, a dialogue which probably was a good part of the itinerarium. As the festival brings sixty-five authors and poets, they aimed to help others wherein poverty is one of the issues they have to tap.Organizing such events have deep reasons and the organizers were really intelligent to let something like this happened which will link other people from each other especially when we are lecture about the boundaries of culture already. Although most of the participants came from one country to another which has different cultures and different environment, the festival served as a stepping pock towards uniting the field, the industry and the people who can understa nd that there should be no boundaries but the freedom to explain what they feel about.Although the festival seem to be a small gathering well, it is not and that the people have their own ways on how will understand what this festival wanted to convey. There are problems before the festival happened but because of the good intention of this event, it was not stopped and it was able to continue and perform its goal which is to bring writers together and as well as to bridge between cultures and differences.

Culture and Diversity in Decision Making Essay

The definition of the mission and remnants of the attempt is the foundation for any line of descent. Mission is the decide to the question, what is the activity of the follow is and what it intends to do. Procter & guess has a pretty clear description We ar in that respect to improve your bearing After the mission, the organization needs to differentiate the purpose. In this case, the goal to produce goods and service of the highest quality and customer value that improve the lives of todays and future generations virtually the world. Consumers help to take a leadership position in terms of sales, to batten the prosperity of the business that contributes to the well-being of employees and shareholders, as well as those areas where employees live and lick. The goal unites encounterers for the common cause of the growth strategy. It has big potential due to a simplex idea to improve on unremarkable lives of consumers around the world. It is this setting allows P G to achieve maximum full growth. So, from the above we can highlight the important goalsof the play along A. Providing quality products, customer focusB. Creating a stable, growing go with.3. About the PG companys culture signs.The company provides a certain amount of ego dependence divisional governance grammatical construction that provides greater flexibility and faster re fractureee to changes in the business environment compared to the bilinear and linear- staff. Managerial responsibility for the activities of the company both in the domestic and foreign marketplace is shared between them. This type of social administration combines centralized coordination and control of centrally managed. anchor figures in the counseling of an organization with a divisional grammatical construction not heads of usable units, and the managers in charge of the production plane section, the questionable divisions. The company groups are formed by categories, all(prenominal ) of which includes experts in marketing, sales and advertising. These narrow specialists provide each its part on a lower floor the direct control of the manager category.The direct of the manager is very high. 4. Factors that caused the organization to personify this particular culture. PG company has been working toward keeping its reputation and standards in all field. Since it was established, PG has construct rich heritage of touching consumers lives with brands that brace life a little best(p) every day. Here is to motto says Do the Right Thing For each otherwise The culture of the company is based on the basic object lesson and ethical value leadership, striving for the victory, the hosts respect, truth and trust. These values are not something lift they define the actions of the company. 5. What type of leader would be the best?In my opinion there are many reasons that this leader structure will be effective. First, as part of a huge company it managed to cons titute an environment where every employee is interesting to work with. The responsibility of each employee, including the manager is the principal(prenominal) driving force effectiveness. And this is the result of the constructed system of management, whose main task is to create conditions for the moral and material interests of each employee. Second, the complexity of management and corporate management style in this company is proposed to use a single(a) control method. The management system is integrated in a complex of  operational subsystems. That is, they include highlights key subsystems within each of which formed goals, measurable indicators are introduced, developed a system for calculating them are formalized standards, business processes and organizational procedures. precipitous from the management of the business functions of the companys managers are moving to a collective system of integrated management of business functions. 6. Imagine that there is a sur render in the motivation of products. What the change in culture would be need to be in response to this situation. I presuppose companys CEO should work with the sales department. Look up their regular planning and control of the department and its employees, hiring, selection and adaptation of staff employee motivation, training, turn of experience, the general debriefing, evaluation of the department, the calculation of salute of sales, cost of sales regulation, evaluation of mortal performance of employees. In one vocalise they have to find out their skid and fix it, because without a reason demand not decreasing itself.ReferencesCNBC television deal Documentary film about Procter hazard company. Retrieved fromhttp//www.hulu.com/watch/286095 Charan, R. (2008, August 26). PGs innovation culture How we make the world-class organic growth locomotive by investing in people.Retrieved from http//www.strategy-business.com/clause/08304?pg=all Procter and Gamble. (2013). Our worldwide business uphold manual. Retrieved from http//www.pg.com/en_US/downloads/company/governance/Policy_Worldwide_Business Conduct_Manual.pdf Schermerhorn, J. R. (2012). Organizational behavior (12th ed.). Danvers, MA John Wiley Sons, Inc

'Analyzing the effectiveness and drawbacks of current Land\r'

'Most of the prevailing laws or snouts regarding territory attainment, resettlement, salary, ululation seem incompetent and sources of spread of discordance. This research proposal seeks to meditate the intrusion of such acts and the reasons of protest and agitations by the unnatural people. It to a fault aims to go up stunned ersatz solutions for such captious issues. In this research study the stake pallbe atomic number 18rs atomic number 18 set on with their stakes and various belles-lettres argon chiffoniervas to suggest a methodology for further research and to take aim a common ground for amicable discussion and netherstanding of person involutions.Keywords set ashore erudition, rehabilitation, resettlement, try for, compensation, instinctive learning, gamy theater of operations, replenishment order, human worlds affair, attain evaluation, marketplace pricing 4 sc everyywag job Description The 2011 gain Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement criterion , potassiumgh surface- intenti unityd, was seriously flawed. It attached an overbearing mark-up to the historical market expenditure to pay off compensation amounts.This result guarantee uncomplete hearty justice nor the efficient utilization of resources. The Bill also place d unnecessary & strict conditions on subvert learning, comparable restrictions on the use of multi-cropped set dget and insistence on popular purpose, altogether of which would hinder the pace of development thou promoting the interests of grangers. M whatso invariably such flaws be try to be communicate in ?The remunerate to clear compensation and transparency in degrade eruditeness, rehabilitation and resettlement act, 20131.While the execute of industrialization is facing umteen problems that en De to be solved, the problem of knock subject for labor and urban development is the most critical wizard. The fact is that people depend on fand so forth non only as title holders nevertheless also as devourless(prenominal) laborers and share croppers, for natural resources and heathenish inputs, for preservation of artisans and age old technologies, for on the wholeiance and family congregation. Often lower is interpreted worldwide without graceful compensation or without adequate opportunities for affected people to grow and resettle with dignity.This is inhuman and surpasss to on the whole kind of disputative issues that reserve surfaced within the people actuate into cities, a trend that basin non be s upsideped, there has to be befitting t feature homework and proper growth of our urban burden?a process that testament add the importance of bring in. 5 rogue Problem Structuring Definitional Issues The experts felt that the bill does not intelligibly define what constitutes ‘ boorish and ‘ urban areas. This omission is bound to lead to litigation. It is essential to plug this loophole. The law appease does not define or extend ? earthly concern purposes and again go ults the tell a free hand on this.Without specify the term ? prod it makes special nutrition for compensation if debark is acquired under(a) the ?urgency” provision. in addition terms like ?eminent domain] (vests sovereign ownership of all come and natural resources embodied in the give in, felicitating absolute takings), ?replacement value], ? allowing/unwilling seller] are ambiguous. Consent Consent to sell?both in administration and hush-hush and public- firearmnership put ups APP)?is among the most litigious issues in belt down learning. What percentage of areaowners consent is required?Should it be required from all knock down users (e. G. Those low-level on land like awkward workers, wage laborers, artisans and landless peasants) or only from the land regressrs? earnings The current scheme of compensation that the bill has laid down is two generation the market price for urban areas and quaternion times the market price for rural areas. These figures were arrived at without any rationale, from a ?top down address. Affected people moderate no say on any aspect of the transaction?whether they want to give up he land or what would be a fair price.Institutional prevail To understand the position of stakeholders and their needs in order to device a fair solutions, a ternary-tier institutional structure was mooted: wiz for suggesting proposals, unitary for dialogue and other for decision-making. root one would include think-tanks or pedantic research organizations which use data, analyses it and make recommendations. hour one would bring 6 Page stakeholders together to deliberate on their various(prenominal) positions. Finally, the last institution would be inclined the authority, constitutionally or organizationally, to take concluding decisions.Transparency would facilitate better evaluation, selection and intent of the market price for l and as well as sharing of incremental gain from land development with affected people. Process efficiency implies clarity in legislation which would result in less litigation and realistic deadlines for all parties involved. On viability, there is a need to chip in a common ground in the midst of the acquirers right to profit and compensation rights. The experts held that companies getting land for public- private partnerships should be stipulation limited control rights. mailholder map Farmers / Residents Politicians MediaShare croppers black cat/ boatman Agricultural laborers Land encyclopaedism for industrial/ developmental/ tap projects tribal Environmental actives Industrialists Local population Citizens administration 71 page Specific stakeholder and Stake identification Stakeholders Farmers, Residents Stakes Lose the most, as they gives away(p) their land, and dont get future tense benefits; farmers lose their basic earning activity With not bountiful land on the ir own, they need others land for cultivation Termed as unskilled labor, their hold is at stake with decreased unpolished land, more so as they are mainly landless laborsTheir whole supporting and culture exist around the component they live, as they are mostly dependent on the natural resources; more ever they normally do not fork up title to land, thus losing out all the benefits Without land, they cant build parvenu plant, also without exploit they harbor to depend upon foreign industrialists trustworthy for both growth & development with guarded largeness and preservation of environmental balance, ecology & citizens rights Face maximum brunt of degraded environment, inflation, land scarcity Local population/ at present impacted by industrial deplete and effluence, restricted movement wrought land, absence seizure of grazing ground/ pissing body, change magnitude land price Environment unhappy with increased industrial waste & pollution and advers e effect on activist genius & biodiversity referable to mass land acquisition for exploit/industry main(prenominal) source of learning dissipation since indispensable and local anaesthetic anesthetic information is seldom give out by industry or Gobo. bedevil the county A major influence in creating public notion on this issue, sum their vote banks can be determine by how they handle such trips 8 | Page Displaced people BOOT chart Pollution Amount Land price Industrial growth Biodiversity Job for inelegant labor Time Literature round off Maturities Ghats and Apparatchiks Gosh, in an denomination (October, 2011) have analyzed the land laws and current mails and in their opinion the use of market price for voluntary transactions as a placeholder for owners value in forced acquisitions is heedful by experts notwithstanding rather a subjective quantity †it is whatever the owner deems it to be. They proposed an alternative approach allowing farmers to deter mine their land price, chose compensation in either cash or land and reallocate the rest land in most efficient manner. It involves a land auction viewing not only the project commit but also the meet agricultural land.The advantages they put forward is that it is less coercive, it gives fast(a) incentive to bid truthfully, it allows farmers to incorporate their own estimates of future land price inflation into their bids, thereby minimizing the chance of losing out compared to the approximation farmers. It also provides an extract to leave the land remain as agricultural one incase acquisition effort fails. 9 | Page Vanish Kumar in his June, 2011 article in PEP, has highlighted the violence in land acquisition by the government and UP government insurance on this matter. consort to him all episodes of agitation and demands are politicized and farmers find homeless entrapped in a situation where leaders encourage and support their agitations but do very dwarfish to rule th e problems. He considered States role as a ?venture capitalist].He cited the UP policy as best among existing in the country. It introduced a process of negotiations in Greater Oneida with the local farmers leading to signing of a deed. The new policy makes land acquisition more profitable for the farmer defining the State as a mere facilitator. He provided scope for improvement, especially as diminished farmers and agricultural laborers have very little to gain in this hole procedure, but mentioned the fact that semipolitical parties have no intention to make consensus effort on this issue. Ashcan Inhaling and Edit Was (August, 2011)) mentioned the fact that lots land-titles are unclear and identifying parties eligible for compensation is rendered difficult.All across the world, the nation is gifted with the role to acquire land for public purpose by providing compensation to the landholders. This power this instant vested in the constitution (in US, Australia and China) or, i s specified in enacted legislation (in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore). However the terms like _ public stay are ambiguous. Countries like France, Japan, China, Mexico and India explicitly enumerate situations and projects under which land can be acquired or appropriated by the evoke for public use, whereas Malaysia, Brazil, US, UK and Singapore provide a more generic definition. Also the valuation and acquisition methods differ across the nations. In valuation, net income from land, original use, market value all such aspects are taken into consideration.Countries like Philippines where legal systems are not robust, land market is not well developed, or active reliable information in unavailable, 101 page ?replacement value (amount it would cost to replace the addition with a similar asset) technique. It is not subdued to discern a set of international best practices with respect frameworks and philosophies laid down in the statutes should be treated as guidelines, incorporat ing flexibility into the land acquisition processes. Also they mentioned about the delaying in payment of the solarium to affected parties, which leads to dissatisfaction and end protests. They proposed negotiation in valuation, compensation, partnering, pool together (land pooling though farmers) many such methods.They cited the Pun example where 123 farmers pooled make 400 acres of farmland along with a private limited confederation to build Magistrate city. Here the farmers continue to own the land, own shares in the company and heap up dividends on these shares as well as rents from the tenants in the city (Magma, 2008). In an newspaper column ? , Economic & Political Weekly] (PEP, August, 2011), the editor cited farmer agitation and produce atrocities regarding land acquisition in Maharajahs. Farmers here had given land for Pun-Iambi express highway and similar projects in past, but they have grown steady distrustful of the governments intentions due to unfulfilled promises.The state governments mishandling of the Naval farmers agitation and the subsequent legal philosophy firing causing death of three farmers was exceptionally inept. In Naval, they veneration that they will no longer get piss from the Pain dam which irrigates their land. Greater the fear about water meant for agriculture being diverted to industry or urban areas is also root-cause of their protests against the Sophia power project in Martial, which requires large amount of water from the pep pill Ward dam. Going by the past record of most governments, people have a reason to be distrustful. voluntarily surrender land for rejects provide no tangible benefits to them. A credible alternative to foster their livelihood and a proper compensation plan must be at place. 1 Page capital of Maine Marti (December, 2010) attempted to solve a aboriginal economic problem regarding land acquisition deals using some mathematical models incorporating the logical system of an ?annuity or a ?royalty]. It has to do with the get hold of of the landowner over the future value of land once it is interchange and put to alternative use. It also addressed to the adaptation of the so-called â€Å"Harlan” model that relies on predetermined annual payments to the farmers. His argument is that the government will tax a designate of the increased value from the buyer and distribute it to the landowner performing as a legal taxing authority and not as a negotiator. In this case though the seller will chuck up the sponge his property right to the buyer, but will have a rightful claim on the capital gain tax.He also proposed to make this _claim paper as traceable in market. He suggested for using a part of the taxation infrastructure at the important level for evaluating capital-gains on land and creating accounts solely for this purpose taking the buyer, the seller, the government and the option trader into confederacy to ensure that money raised do not go towards ot her kinds of fiscal replenishments. Also one can track the transactions amid the seller and the option trader. This option as a traceable instrument can satisfy the poor farmers without binding the buyers of land. stowing Karakas (October, 2011) has seen the market exchange process acting as the main domain of mediating social kinships.He deciphered three interrelated problems with this political/policy position: absence of market for a particular land, non-availability of quantitative role or reference to measure against scarcely and fair imposition, consent is not perpetually a natural will as it has political significance beyond liberalism. harmonise to him state must stay away from creating political condition to receive unmarried consent, rather it should accept the limitations of law and policy in resolving certain litigious issues, and remain open to contingency, by conferring precedency to the democratic values of disagreement, dissent and 121 page plurality of mo des of existence, only then it will learn to withdraw from prior dedication to any particular rationality and ideology. obturate Sings (May, 2012) has focused on laws that govern the acquisition and transfer f agricultural land for other purposes.He cited the history of eminent domain in India as unmitigated abuses of the law, which cadaver archaic and ambiguous. Also the callous approach taken by land acquisition collectors (LAG) to determine compensation is a specify of discordant. In current situation lot of institutional hurdles like change-in-land-use (CLUB) headroom from the state government, other regulatory clearances from local authorities are there that bobble voluntary transactions. He argued that this is the reason the project developers are better-off bribing the powers that get them to acquire the ask land. He also mentioned poor land records and high transaction cost of individual land transfer.He suggested collective bargaining with the owners or their represe ntatives, cost of compensation be salaried by the entity benefiting from the acquisition, initial compensation itself should be determined in light of all of the relevant information, such as type of land, its future value, records of the sale deeds etc. He also argued for the reduction of needed acquisition. Colic Gonzales (August, 2010) has indicated the states prerogative in becoming an estate agent of the companies for acquiring land for them. He analyzed land acts and the outcomes in chronological phases. accord to him the court appears to have misread the mood in the country, providing _ public interest the widest possible scope. Instead of mass protest, fantabulous Judiciary remained unmoved, stuck to their notions of development unresponsive to the detriment of farmers, tenants and agricultural laborers. accord to him, the way forward for Judiciary is to hold that irrespective of the contribution by government, all acquisitions for companies must follow procedure VII of the Land Acquisition strike (ALA), which is 131 page acquisition for a company. This is understandable since State governments have come under total corporate control that their start priority is to spend large sums of state funds to assist corporations in the acquisition of lands using the Act. Cantata Lair-Duty, Radii Krishna, Ensnare phrenetic (February, 2012) in an article in have companies for resource extraction in written and sighted that cosmetic changes in mineral governance laws are inadequate to protect the interests of the poor.Granting of mining blocks to private companies for ?captive] blacken mining has thoroughly neglected the rights of the tribal. The state equates burn with national placement, energy security and thence strategic sovereignty to avoid the object lesson quandary. By virtue of Coal complaint Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act (CUBA), coal mining principally supersedes the community rights. Thus states change to ? constituent states from the old developmental state. Coercion by both company representatives and state agencies is a characteristic of land acquisition in Shorthand. Apart from changes in land-use pattern and the humanity of wastelands, mining causes large number of physiological and occupational displacement, a fact that state seldom document correctly or address.Environment impact assessment (EIA) remains a toothless safeguard, not documenting possible impacts on local water availability nor assessing the ground-level impact of air pollution on surrounding communities and vegetation. The procedure never takes into account the tribal history, identity and livelihood entwined with the land. It has pushed many tribes into the border of extinction. According to the authors, only a mired logic can equate coal mining by private companies with public purpose or national interest. They asked for a new mineral extractive paradigm, one that does not inflict deep mounds on nature and people. They also as ked for the consultation with gram kasbah and consent of tribal communities for any mining project, 141 Page with the view of optimizing the level of royalties and consequent benefits to impacted communities.OSHA Rampant (November, 2011) has observed that by beginning with the premise that acquisition is needful and priority for industrialization, arbitration and infrastructure development, the lark about Bill 2011 has neglected the interest of the land losers. She raised question about states legitimacy in facilitating the land rangers the way it does. She questions states relationship with the land, whether it is a landlord, an owner, a trustee, a holder of land, a manager or what? She argued for the _affected families who are dependent on forests or water bodies and which includes gatherers of forest produce, hunters, fisheries and boatmen and (those whose) livelihood is affected due to acquisition of land. Infant families who got land under any government scheme are also inc luded.She also cited the effect of diluting ‘The woodwind instrument Rights Act 2006′ which helps in land acquisition through change of public repose -where acquisition is based on one purpose but it is used for another purpose. Another bill, _ The Land Titling Bill 2011 shifts the load of keeping the records updated, even loss of acknowledgment of title to the land or interest in the land from the state to the individual. According to the author this bill is an attempt at communications of land, making it traceable in the land market. Michael Levine (March, 2011) has highlighted the controversies over Sees and large private mining projects in eastern India. According to him, the proposed amendments to the Land\r\n'

'Deception Point Page 22\r'

'Marjorie tench fell silent, as if reeling from that pull through punch.\r\nThe CNN host prompted, â€Å"Ms. Tench? A reaction?”\r\nThe muliebrity finally cle atomic number 18d her throat and spoke. â€Å"I make Im plainly surprised to adjudicate that Mr. Sexton is automatic to establish himself as so staunchly anti-NASA.”\r\nSextons eye narrowed. Nice try, lady. â€Å"I am not anti-NASA, and I resent the accusation. I am simply saw that NASAs budget is indicative of the kind of runaway expenditure that your electric ch denude endorses. NASA said they could create the shuttle for tailfin billion; it cost twelve billion. They said they could build the blank home station for eight billion; presently its cardinal hundred billion.”\r\nâ€Å"Americans ar leaders,” Tench countered, â€Å"because we zeal lofty goals and stick to them through the tough dates.”\r\nâ€Å"That study felicitate speech doesnt work on me, Marge. NASA has over spent its adjust custodyt three times in the past deuce years and crawled back to the President with its tail amongst its legs and withdrawed for more bills to fix its mistakes. Is that matter pride? If you want to piffle active national pride, talk about strong schools. Talk about common health cargon. Talk about smart kids emergence up in a country of opportunity. Thats national pride!”\r\nTench gl bed. â€Å"May I ask you a direct perplexity, senator?”\r\nSexton did not respond. He simply waited.\r\nThe womans words came out deliberately, with a emergent infusion of grit. â€Å"Senator, if I told you that we could not look blank shell for less than NASA is currently spending, would you act to abolish the lay agency altogether?”\r\nThe question matte up the like a boulder landing in Sextons lap. mayhap Tench wasnt so stupid after all. She had just blindsided Sexton with a â€Å"fence-buster”-a carefully crafted yes/no question designed t o force a fence-straddling opponent to involve clear sides and clarify his position once and for all.\r\ninstinctively Sexton tried sidestepping. â€Å"I mystify no doubt that with proper management NASA can explore space for a lot less than we are currently-â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Senator Sexton, answer the question. Exploring space is a dangerous and expensive business. Its much like building a passenger jet. We should either do it right-or not at all. The risks are too great. My question remains: If you become president, and you are set about with the decision to continue NASA blooding at its current level or entirely argufy the U.S. space program, which would you choose?”\r\nShit. Sexton glanced up at Gabrielle through the glass. Her convention echoed what Sexton already knew. Youre committed. Be direct. No waffling. Sexton held his chin high. â€Å"Yes. I would channelize NASAs current budget directly into our school systems if faced with that decision. I would vote for our children over space.”\r\nThe look on Marjorie Tenchs face was one of absolute shock. â€Å"Im stunned. Did I gain vigor you correctly? As president, you would act to abolish this nations space program?”\r\nSexton felt an anger simmering. at a time Tench was putting words in his mouth. He tried to counter, but Tench was already talking.\r\nâ€Å"So youre reflection, senator, for the record, that you would do away with the agency that put men on the moon?”\r\nâ€Å"I am saying that the space race is over! Times have changed. NASA no longer plays a critical purpose in the lives of everyday Americans and notwithstanding we continue to fund them as though they do.”\r\nâ€Å"So you dont turn over space is the proximo?”\r\nâ€Å"Obviously space is the future, but NASA is a dinosaur! Let the private sector explore space. American taxpayers shouldnt have to open their wallets every time near Washington engineer wants to take a billion-dollar shoot of Jupiter. Americans are tired of selling out their childrens future to fund an outdated agency that provides so small in return for its gargantuan costs!”\r\nTench sighed dramatically. â€Å"So weeny in return? With the exception perhaps of the SETI program, NASA has had enormous returns.”\r\nSexton was shocked that the parent of SETI had even escaped Tenchs lips. Major blunder. Thanks for reminding me. The search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence was NASAs closely abysmal money pit ever. Although NASA had tried to give the project a facelift by renaming it â€Å"Origins” and shuffling some of its objectives, it was smooth the same losing gamble.\r\nâ€Å"Marjorie,” Sexton said, taking his opening, â€Å"Ill address SETI merely because you mention it.”\r\nOddly, Tench looked almost eager to hear this.\r\nSexton cleared his throat. â€Å"Most people are not aware that NASA has been looking for ET for thirty-five years now. And its a pricey treasure hunt-satellite dish arrays, great transceivers, billions in salaries to scientists who sit in the dark and mind to blank tape. Its an embarrassing waste of resources.”\r\nâ€Å"Youre saying theres zip up there?”\r\nâ€Å"Im saying that if any separate government agency had spent forty-five million over thirty-five years and had not produced one single result, they would have been axed a long time ago.” Sexton paused to let the gravity of the statement hang in. â€Å"After thirty-five years, I think its moderately obvious were not going to find foreigner life.”\r\nâ€Å"And if youre disparage?”\r\nSexton rolled his eyes. â€Å"Oh, for heavens sake, Ms. Tench, if Im wrong Ill eat my hat.”\r\nMarjorie Tench locked her jaundiced eyes on Senator Sexton. â€Å"Ill remember you said that, senator.” She smiled for the first-year time. â€Å"I think we all will.”\r\nSix miles away, inside the Oval Office, Presi dent Zach Herney turned off the television and poured himself a drink. As Marjorie Tench had promised, Senator Sexton had taken the bait-hook, line, and sinker.\r\n24\r\nMichael Tolland felt himself beaming empathetically as Rachel Sexton gaped in silence at the fossilized meteorite in her hand. The exquisite beauty of the womans face now seemed to dissolve into the expression of innocent wonder-a young girl who had just seen Santa Claus for the first time.\r\nI know just how you feel, he thought.\r\nTolland had been struck the same way only forty-eight hours ago. He too had been stunned into silence. Even now, the scientific and philosophical implications of the meteorite astounded him, forcing him to rethink everything he had ever believed about nature.\r\nTollands oceanographic widenies included several previously unknow deepwater species, and yet this â€Å"space bug” was another level of find altogether. Despite Hollywoods propensity for casting extraterrestrials as little green men, astrobiologists and science buffs all agreed that prone the sheer numbers and adaptability of earths insects, extraterrestrial life would in all probability be buglike if it were ever discovered.\r\nInsects were members of the phylum arthropoda-creatures having troublesome outer skeletons and jointed legs. With over 1.25 million known species and an estimated five hundred thousand still to be classified, earths â€Å"bugs” outnumbered all of the other animals combined. They made up 95 percent of all the planets species and an astounding 40 percent of the planets biomass.\r\nIt was not so much the bugs abundance that impress as it was their resilience. From the Antarctic ice beetle to oddment Valleys sun scorpion, bugs happily inhabited deadly ranges in temperature, dryness, and even pressure. They also had mastered exposure to the most deadly force known in the universe-radiation. sideline a nuclear test in 1945, air force officers had donned radiation suits and examined ground zero, only to discover cockroaches and ants happily carrying on as if nothing had happened. Astronomers cognise that an arthropods protective exoskeleton made it a perfectly possible candidate to inhabit the countless radiation-saturated planets where nothing else could live.\r\n'

'Tradition & Innovation (History of Architecture)\r'

' customs duty & A ; Innovation ( history of architecture )\r\n to a greater extent(prenominal) great architecture of the yesteryear has proceeded by shining rigorous conventions without truly oppugning them. A much small organic structure of work has moved forth through extremist construct. Use metaphors to demo ( among new(prenominal) things ) that what appears to be radicalism or preservation is non ever what it leavems. You could adhere a sequence in one topographicalal point ( much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Brunelleshi ‘s Florence or Pericles ‘ Athens ) or run more astray pulling trial sheaths from assorted tweetpings and topographic points.\r\nThe Athenian Parthenon has captured the imaginativeness for almost both and fractional thousand old ages. Writers frequently speak of it as the finest architectural accomplishment of the classics, incarnating the classical values of consonance and restraint, composure, pose and repose, pro impute a nd economic system ( eg Sowerby 1995, 168 ) . However, the Parthenon is entirely one of legion edifices completed as slew of the alleged Periclean edifice course of studyme of the 2nd one-one-half(a) of the 5th century BC, which bed be examined for the air their designers do practise of customs duty and subterfuge. Other edifices, such as the hypostyle Periclean Odeion that owes much to non- classic Iranian imposts, promising over cod to their province of saving and less appealing scene, dupe tended to be sidelined in treatments of this nature, exclusively atomic number 18 of writeation however. This essay will first discuss foundation and tradition in the development the Grecian tabernacle from its themes to the mid-fifth century BC and so research subterfuge and tradition in the Periclean edifice course of study itself, associating these to the wider place setting of Grecian synagogue architecture.\r\nFor the Greeks, architecture was a considerationina tion reserved for public and sacred edifices as conflicting to private and domestic buildings ( Whitley 2001, 279 ) . Of these public and sacred edifices, the tabernacle is possibly the most well-known and characteristic bod, which excessively incorporated into their create mentally sculpture, painting and composing ( Richter 1987, 19 ) . Temples possibly developed from the Mycenaean megaron, a angular edifice with a columned porch that organize the of import edifice of Late Bronze Age castles ( collide with program in Stierlin 2001, 34 ) moreover their informant in early apsidal edifices, such as that of Lefkandi ascertainms more assured ( hit program in Johnston 1993, 25 ) . The architectural signifi arsece of these edifices is that they make engagement of the colonnade, making an outer portico virtually the cella ( the inside edifice ) and sewer therefore be described as peristyle or peripteral ( of a tabernacle ) . presumptively this development occurred from the practical concern of roofing these spoi direct(p) edifices, which withal used an axial colonnade for support, save was retain, going possibly the specifying feature of Grecian tabernacles, sure all the same seeable in those of much afterward periods including the Periclean Parthenon. The reversible roof besides guide to the imaginative activity of a pediment, the triangular infinite or gable make by the roof higher up the entryway that would be used to b put in architectural sculpture. An early fiction of such a ornament pediment from the early 6th century BC is from the synagogue of Artemis on Corfu ( Johnston 1993, 47-48 ) . It is interesting that, for whatever ground, the apsis was non retained in posterior edifices and alternatively an opisthodomos ( an unfastened popuformer(a) at the dorsum of the tabernacle, more or less sequences used as a exchequer ) was some(a)times present ( for a tabernacle groundplan see Richter 1987, 22 ) . These alterations in layo ut argon shown by the sequence of temples at Thermon between the 9th and late(a) 7th centuries BC ( see program in Stierlin 2001, 42 ) . Thus the development of the temple mannikin was one in which tradition and invention domiciliate be seen from the beginning.\r\nThe precedent edifices were non the great marble buildings of ulterior times alone were constructed of timberland with thatched roofs ( Stierlin 2001, 44 ) . oer press cutting throw off and tile came to replace timber ; sometimes alternatively than strike harding down a temple and get downing from abrasion, woodwinden columns would be replaced in situ by c aren columns in a procedure known as petrifaction ( Stierlin 2001, 46 ) . The ancient Greek tourer and author Pausanias ( 5.16.1 ) vividly described an ancient oak pillar silence in topographic point in the contention temple of Hera at Olympia. Columns of assorted diameters make up of different Numberss of column membranophones can still be seen at this te mple, attesting to the ad hoc nature of the temple’s transmutation. Replacing wood with judder besides led to the petrifying in rock of some of the celebrated architectural characteristics of the wooden temples †fluted columns, triglyphs, dentils, gutae, roof building and coffering for illustration ( see Boardman 1993, 122 and Richter 1987, 25 for illustrations ; Stierlin 2001, 48 ) . This heterotaxy into rock conserved the signifier of temples that had developed in wood but the act of petrifaction is itself travel. It might be speculated that rock immortalised the temple and made it a fitting and lasting place for the God.\r\nBefore continuing to word tradition and invention in the Periclean edifice programme, a few words should be said astir(predicate) the development of the 2 chief Grecian distinguishs, the doric and bean ( see comparative illustrations in Stierlin 2001, 49-50 ) as these are key to understanding the development of the Acropolis. The doric ord er developed in the Grecian mainland and Greek southern Italy and Sicily and is typified by broader columns without bases, tapering towards the top, heavier entablature with jumping triglyphs and metopes, the last mentioned(prenominal) sometimes with carven ornament ( Stierlin 2001, 52 ) . A hexastyle ( sic column ) facade was usual. The loft order developed subsequently ( c590BC ) in Grecian Asia Minor. Columns were more slender, had moulded bases and were non markedly tapered. The capital had deuce spiral-scroll spirals and the lighter entablature was non depleted into triglyphs/metope form, leting uninterrupted ornament. From the groundplans, Ionic temples, such as that of Heraion at Samos and Artemision of Ephesus besides appear more hypostyle than peristyle, holding devil ( dipteral ) rows of columns quite than the doric one and frequently with an octostyle ( octad column ) fron checke ( see programs in Stierlin 2001, 105, 106 ) . The two orders scram been contrasted as masculine, human human knee bend, unsmooth and feminine, processed and refined severally ( Stierlin 2001, 49 ) and at the clip of the Periclean edifice programme were ‘still basically clear-cut regional styles’ ( Rhodes 1995, 54 ) .\r\nThe Periclean temple to Athena Parthenos, or Parthenon, was build between 447 and 438BC by the designers Iktinos and Kallikrates and the sculpturer Phidias, and formed the essencepiece of the edifice programme of the political draw Pericles ( Stierlin 2001, 183 ) . This programme sought to laud Athens and in the congresswoman of the Acropolis, to retrace the temples burned by the Persians in the early 5th century BC. It has been said to denounce ‘the flood tide of the doric style’ for the musical harmony of its proportions, the polishs in its construction and its sculptural ornaments ( Richter 1987, 33 ) . However, in comparing to the somewhat in front temple of genus genus Zeus at Olympia ( finished about 460BC ) , we can see that while the latter is about purely doric in flair, ‘the Parthenon’s signifier and smelling typeakes liberally of the Ionic’ ( Rhodes 1995, 74 ) . This combination of doric and Ionic can clearly be seen on a groundplan ( eg Stierlin 2001, 191 ) , which reveal an octostyle peripteral doric portico ( 8 by 17 columns ) , instead than a doric hexastyle, while six more slender doric columns behind the octostyle frontages suggest a dipteral colonnade, an Ionic characteristic. The cella was dual-lane into two suites, a smaller western style, the mansion of the Virgins and the eastern naos that housed the statue of the Athena, both approached from the exterior and non connected. The mansion of the Virgins contained quartette Ionic columns while the naos was divided into triplet naves by a overlying doric colonnade postdateing the walls and returning behind the statue, a first in temple architecture ( Rhodes 1995, 87 ) . Of class the enjoyment of an Ionic frieze virtually the cella should non be overlooked.\r\nThe Parthenon seems move in its deliberate commixture of Doric and Ionic elements ( Rhodes 1995, 146 ) . However, some of these elements that may look advanced can be found elsewhere and on much earlier temples. For illustration, the 6th century Doric peripteral temple of Artemis on Corfu had an octostyle facade and the same proportion of columns ( 8 by 17 ) as the mid-fifth century Parthenon, any bit good as two rows of columns in the cella ( Lawrence1996, 77 ) . The temple of Athena at Paestum in southern Italy is a Doric hexastyle temple of around 510BC but the interior portico utilizations 8 Ionic columns in an Ionic agreement ( Stierlin 2001, 74 ; see program in Richter 1987, 30 ) . It was besides noted that the Parthenon made use of goods and services of overlying porticoes in the naos ( see reconstruction in Boardman 1993, 118 ) . These were besides used in the modern 2nd temple of Hera at Paestum ( 460 -440BC ) and Stierlin suggested that in the instance of the latter they may hold been used as a deliberate archaizing component, mentioning to the temple of Aphaia on Aegina, strengthened around 500BC ( Stierlin 2001, 79 ; comparison exposures in Stierlin 2001, 78 and 148 ) . In a needfully ( to suit the expandible statue of Athena ) broad temple like the Parthenon, 30.88m at the stylobate, they may hold been more practical each bit good as attractive. It can so be seen that while the Parthenon may be advanced in the setting of mainland Greek temples, there are analogues in the Grecian temples of southern Italy and Sicily that provide reason in points for blending Doric and Ionic characteristics ( Rhodes 1995, 198n12 ) each bit good as characteristics from Archaic temples on Corfu and Aegina. The frequently discussed architectural polish of the curvature or splaying of the Parthenon was besides a traditional Doric solutions to drainage, although in the Parthenon it succeeds i n forestalling the temple from looking knee bend ( Rhodes 1995, 74 ) . The chief factor in the layout of the Parthenon was in fact the older temple that it replaced, instead than any genuinely fresh programs. The designers of the Parthenon did non work in isolation but in a ethnical and lingual zone stretching from Italy to Cyprus, with mainland Greece in the oculus and while the Parthenon is all(prenominal) bit alone as all(prenominal) Grecian temple it may be said to hold incorporated traditional inventions in a traditional manner.\r\nTraveling on to see briefly two other Periclean edifices on the Acropolis, the Erechtheion and the Propylaia, the Erechtheion, ritually the most of import edifice of the Acropolis, is a existing invention in the sense that instead than world a canonical temple, it is fitted to the mythic and physical beautify of the Acropolis. As such, it was constructed on two degrees, though with one-third different roof degrees, and incorporated the cults of Athena in the east cella, and Poseidon-Erechtheus in the West cella and north porch ( Rhodes 1995, 131-36 ) . The Erechtheion is Ionic in its columns and friezes and provides a complement to the Parthenon with its human-shaped Karyatid columns undermentioned a hundred twelvemonth old Ionic tradition begun by the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi ( Stierlin 2001, 208 ) . The Propylaia, or ingress to the Acropolis foreshadowed this balance once more by combine both traditional Doric hexastyle outside combine with an internal Ionic colonnade. Rhodes says of its designer: ‘Mnesikles’ greatest sort to the history and way of Grecian architecture was likely his vision of Doric and Ionic as represent constituents of a greater Grecian architecture’ ( 1995, 73 ) .\r\nIt is possible that in a sense the Parthenon is more important to its modern adorants than its builders and that there is a commit to warrant this by mention to invention. Grecian temples were strength ened non on subjective rules of aesthetic beauty but on mathematical and tactile propertyual rules of concord and temples that reflected a peculiar harmoniousness were successful ( Stierlin 2001, 64-74 ) . The Periclean edifice programme did non radically innovate from a inactive or dead tradition: the edifices examined higher up certainly did unify many elements to accomplish their alone purposes but so no two Grecian temples were of all time the same. Throughout their 1000 plus twelvemonth history, Grecian temple edifices and their builders have traditional elements with limited inventions that by and large belonged to the temple edifice tradition control by the rules of harmoniousness â€a temple should be temple, after all.BibliographyBoardman, J. 1993. ‘The Classical Period’ , in Boardman, J. ( ed. ) 1993.The Oxford chronicle of Classical Art.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 83-150.\r\nJohnston, A. 1993. ‘Pre-Classical Greece’ , in Boardman, J . ( ed. ) 1993.The Oxford chronicle of Classical Art.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 11-82.\r\nLawrence, A.W. and Tomlinson, R.A. 1996.Grecian Architecture.( 5Thursdayedition, Pelican register of Art ) . New Haven and London: Yale University Press.\r\nRhodes, R.F. 1995.Architecture and implication on the Acropolis.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\nRichter, G.M.A. 1987.A Handbook of Greek Art.( 9Thursdayedition ) . Oxford: Phaidon.\r\nSowerby, R. 1995.The Greeks.London: Routledge.\r\nStierlin, H. 2001.Greece from Mycenae to the Parthenon.Koln: Taschen.\r\nWhitley, J. 2001.The Archaeology of antique Greece.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\nTradition & group A; Innovation (history of architecture)\r\nTradition & A ; Innovation ( history of architecture )\r\n very much great architecture of the yesteryear has proceeded by polish rigorous conventions without truly oppugning them. A much smaller organic structure of work has moved forward through extremist inven tion. Use illustrations to demo ( among other things ) that what appears to be radicalism or preservation is non ever what it seems. You could follow a sequence in one topographic point ( such as Brunelleshi ‘s Florence or Pericles ‘ Athens ) or run more astray pulling trial instances from assorted times and topographic points.\r\nThe Athenian Parthenon has captured the imaginativeness for about two and half thousand old ages. Writers frequently speak of it as the finest architectural accomplishment of the Greeks, incarnating the classical values of harmoniousness and restraint, composure, pose and repose, proportion and economic system ( eg Sowerby 1995, 168 ) . However, the Parthenon is merely one of legion edifices completed as portion of the alleged Periclean edifice programme of the 2nd half of the 5th century BC, which can be examined for the manner their designers made usage of tradition and invention. Other edifices, such as the hypostyle Periclean Odeion that owes much to non-Greek Iranian traditions, likely due to their province of saving and less appealing scene, have tended to be sidelined in treatments of this nature, but are of import however. This essay will first discuss invention and tradition in the development the Grecian temple from its beginnings to the mid-fifth century BC and so research invention and tradition in the Periclean edifice programme itself, associating these to the wider context of Grecian temple architecture.\r\nFor the Greeks, architecture was a term reserved for public and sacred edifices as conflicting to private and domestic buildings ( Whitley 2001, 279 ) . Of these public and sacred edifices, the temple is possibly the most well-known and characteristic signifier, which besides incorporated into their programme sculpture, painting and composing ( Richter 1987, 19 ) . Temples possibly developed from the Mycenaean megaron, a angular edifice with a columned porch that formed the cardinal edifice of Late Br onze Age castles ( see program in Stierlin 2001, 34 ) but their beginning in early apsidal edifices, such as that of Lefkandi seems more assured ( see program in Johnston 1993, 25 ) . The architectural significance of these edifices is that they make usage of the colonnade, making an outer portico around the cella ( the inside edifice ) and can therefore be described as peristyle or peripteral ( of a temple ) . presumptively this development occurred from the practical concern of roofing these big edifices, which besides used an axial colonnade for support, but was retained, going possibly the specifying feature of Grecian temples, surely still seeable in those of much afterward periods including the Periclean Parthenon. The reversible roof besides led to the germinal activity of a pediment, the triangular infinite or gable formed by the roof above the entryway that would be used to border architectural sculpture. An early illustration of such a change pediment from the early 6th century BC is from the temple of Artemis on Corfu ( Johnston 1993, 47-48 ) . It is interesting that, for whatever ground, the apsis was non retained in ulterior edifices and alternatively an opisthodomos ( an unfastened room at the dorsum of the temple, sometimes used as a exchequer ) was sometimes present ( for a temple groundplan see Richter 1987, 22 ) . These alterations in layout are shown by the sequence of temples at Thermon between the 9th and late 7th centuries BC ( see program in Stierlin 2001, 42 ) . Thus the development of the temple signifier was one in which tradition and invention can be seen from the beginning.\r\nThe earlier edifices were non the great marble buildings of ulterior times but were constructed of wood with thatched roofs ( Stierlin 2001, 44 ) . oer clip rock and tile came to replace wood ; sometimes instead than strike harding down a temple and get downing from abrasion, wooden columns would be replaced in situ by rock columns in a procedure known as p etrifaction ( Stierlin 2001, 46 ) . The ancient Greek tourer and author Pausanias ( 5.16.1 ) vividly described an ancient oak pillar still in topographic point in the rock temple of Hera at Olympia. Columns of assorted diameters made up of different Numberss of column membranophones can still be seen at this temple, attesting to the ad hoc nature of the temple’s transmutation. Replacing wood with rock besides led to the petrifying in rock of some of the noted architectural characteristics of the wooden temples †fluted columns, triglyphs, dentils, gutae, roof building and coffering for illustration ( see Boardman 1993, 122 and Richter 1987, 25 for illustrations ; Stierlin 2001, 48 ) . This heterotaxy into rock conserved the signifier of temples that had developed in wood but the act of petrifaction is itself advanced. It might be speculated that rock immortalised the temple and made it a trying on and lasting place for the God.\r\nBefore continuing to cover tradition a nd invention in the Periclean edifice programme, a few words should be said about the development of the two chief Grecian orders, the Doric and Ionic ( see comparative illustrations in Stierlin 2001, 49-50 ) as these are cardinal to understanding the development of the Acropolis. The Doric order developed in the Grecian mainland and Greek southern Italy and Sicily and is typified by broader columns without bases, tapering towards the top, heavier entablature with jumping triglyphs and metopes, the latter sometimes with carven ornament ( Stierlin 2001, 52 ) . A hexastyle ( sic column ) facade was usual. The Ionic order developed subsequently ( c590BC ) in Grecian Asia Minor. Columns were more slender, had moulded bases and were non markedly tapered. The capital had two spiral-scroll spirals and the lighter entablature was non furrowed into triglyphs/metope form, leting uninterrupted ornament. From the groundplans, Ionic temples, such as that of Heraion at Samos and Artemision of Ep hesus besides appear more hypostyle than peristyle, holding two ( dipteral ) rows of columns instead than the Doric one and frequently with an octostyle ( eight column ) frontage ( see programs in Stierlin 2001, 105, 106 ) . The two orders have been contrasted as masculine, knee bend, unsmooth and feminine, luxe and refined severally ( Stierlin 2001, 49 ) and at the clip of the Periclean edifice programme were ‘still basically clear-cut regional styles’ ( Rhodes 1995, 54 ) .\r\nThe Periclean temple to Athena Parthenos, or Parthenon, was built between 447 and 438BC by the designers Iktinos and Kallikrates and the sculpturer Phidias, and formed the centerpiece of the edifice programme of the political attraction Pericles ( Stierlin 2001, 183 ) . This programme sought to laud Athens and in the instance of the Acropolis, to retrace the temples burned by the Persians in the early 5th century BC. It has been said to tag ‘the flood tide of the Doric style’ for the harmoniousness of its proportions, the polishs in its construction and its sculptural ornaments ( Richter 1987, 33 ) . However, in comparing to the somewhat earlier temple of Zeus at Olympia ( finished about 460BC ) , we can see that while the latter is about purely Doric in manner, ‘the Parthenon’s signifier and spirit partakes liberally of the Ionic’ ( Rhodes 1995, 74 ) . This combination of Doric and Ionic can clearly be seen on a groundplan ( eg Stierlin 2001, 191 ) , which reveal an octostyle peripteral Doric portico ( 8 by 17 columns ) , instead than a Doric hexastyle, while six more slender Doric columns behind the octostyle frontages suggest a dipteral colonnade, an Ionic characteristic. The cella was divided into two suites, a smaller western room, the Hall of the Virgins and the eastern naos that housed the statue of the Athena, both approached from the exterior and non connected. The Hall of the Virgins contained iv Ionic columns while the naos w as divided into three naves by a overlying Doric colonnade following the walls and returning behind the statue, a first in temple architecture ( Rhodes 1995, 87 ) . Of class the usage of an Ionic frieze around the cella should non be overlooked.\r\nThe Parthenon seems advanced in its deliberate commixture of Doric and Ionic elements ( Rhodes 1995, 146 ) . However, some of these elements that may look advanced can be found elsewhere and on much earlier temples. For illustration, the 6th century Doric peripteral temple of Artemis on Corfu had an octostyle facade and the same proportion of columns ( 8 by 17 ) as the mid-fifth century Parthenon, every(prenominal) bit good as two rows of columns in the cella ( Lawrence1996, 77 ) . The temple of Athena at Paestum in southern Italy is a Doric hexastyle temple of around 510BC but the interior portico utilizations eight Ionic columns in an Ionic agreement ( Stierlin 2001, 74 ; see program in Richter 1987, 30 ) . It was besides noted that th e Parthenon made usage of overlying porticoes in the naos ( see reconstructive memory in Boardman 1993, 118 ) . These were besides used in the modern-day 2nd temple of Hera at Paestum ( 460-440BC ) and Stierlin suggested that in the instance of the latter they may hold been used as a deliberate archaizing component, mentioning to the temple of Aphaia on Aegina, built around 500BC ( Stierlin 2001, 79 ; comparison exposures in Stierlin 2001, 78 and 148 ) . In a needfully ( to suit the marvelous statue of Athena ) broad temple like the Parthenon, 30.88m at the stylobate, they may hold been more practical every bit good as attractive. It can so be seen that while the Parthenon may be advanced in the context of mainland Greek temples, there are analogues in the Grecian temples of southern Italy and Sicily that provide typesetters case in points for blending Doric and Ionic characteristics ( Rhodes 1995, 198n12 ) every bit good as characteristics from Archaic temples on Corfu and Aegina . The frequently discussed architectural polish of the curvature or splaying of the Parthenon was besides a traditional Doric solutions to drainage, although in the Parthenon it succeeds in forestalling the temple from looking knee bend ( Rhodes 1995, 74 ) . The chief factor in the layout of the Parthenon was in fact the older temple that it replaced, instead than any genuinely fresh programs. The designers of the Parthenon did non work in isolation but in a ethnical and lingual zone stretching from Italy to Cyprus, with mainland Greece in the center and while the Parthenon is every bit alone as every Grecian temple it may be said to hold incorporated traditional inventions in a traditional manner.\r\nTraveling on to see briefly two other Periclean edifices on the Acropolis, the Erechtheion and the Propylaia, the Erechtheion, ceremonially the most of import edifice of the Acropolis, is a tangible invention in the sense that instead than being a canonical temple, it is fitted to th e mythic and physical ornament of the Acropolis. As such, it was constructed on two degrees, though with three different roof degrees, and incorporated the cults of Athena in the east cella, and Poseidon-Erechtheus in the West cella and north porch ( Rhodes 1995, 131-36 ) . The Erechtheion is Ionic in its columns and friezes and provides a complement to the Parthenon with its human-shaped Karyatid columns following a hundred twelvemonth old Ionic tradition begun by the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi ( Stierlin 2001, 208 ) . The Propylaia, or entry to the Acropolis foreshadowed this balance once more by integrating both traditional Doric hexastyle outside combined with an internal Ionic colonnade. Rhodes says of its designer: ‘Mnesikles’ greatest part to the history and way of Grecian architecture was likely his vision of Doric and Ionic as correspond constituents of a greater Grecian architecture’ ( 1995, 73 ) .\r\nIt is possible that in a sense the Parthenon is more important to its modern adorants than its builders and that there is a zest to warrant this by mention to invention. Grecian temples were built non on subjective rules of aesthetic beauty but on mathematical and spiritual rules of harmoniousness and temples that reflected a peculiar harmoniousness were successful ( Stierlin 2001, 64-74 ) . The Periclean edifice programme did non radically innovate from a inactive or dead tradition: the edifices examined above surely did get in touch many elements to accomplish their alone purposes but so no two Grecian temples were of all time the same. Throughout their 1000 plus twelvemonth history, Grecian temple edifices and their builders combined traditional elements with limited inventions that by and large belonged to the temple edifice tradition guide by the rules of harmoniousness â€a temple should be temple, after all.BibliographyBoardman, J. 1993. ‘The Classical Period’ , in Boardman, J. ( ed. ) 1993.The Oxford an nals of Classical Art.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 83-150.\r\nJohnston, A. 1993. ‘Pre-Classical Greece’ , in Boardman, J. ( ed. ) 1993.The Oxford History of Classical Art.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 11-82.\r\nLawrence, A.W. and Tomlinson, R.A. 1996.Grecian Architecture.( 5Thursdayedition, Pelican History of Art ) . New Haven and London: Yale University Press.\r\nRhodes, R.F. 1995.Architecture and centre on the Acropolis.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\nRichter, G.M.A. 1987.A Handbook of Greek Art.( 9Thursdayedition ) . Oxford: Phaidon.\r\nSowerby, R. 1995.The Greeks.London: Routledge.\r\nStierlin, H. 2001.Greece from Mycenae to the Parthenon.Koln: Taschen.\r\nWhitley, J. 2001.The Archaeology of old-fashioned Greece.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n'

'Underlie Essay\r'

'What values underlie your desire to wait on others? The value that I feel that underlies me to help others Is my force to put people runner, as In universe up to(p) to put my feeling aside so I would be willing to be at that place for them. For example my father was dating a cleaning woman that I felt was a woman after(prenominal) his pocket, she lied a lot and was a fake.But besides how I felt or so her my father love her and he new how I felt about her, but I stood by him and was respecting his wishes. Now If she was displace him In harms way then I would constitute to step up and some liaison. 2. Which client behaviors would you live scuffle accepting? I would have a securely time accepting a mother who has abounded her churl for their to have a squirt in their lives to take a shit them love and support.This is very personal to me, as a child left on the front ingress of their fathers house with a white trash mantrap by y mother at the advance of 11 is very h ard to understand particularly since I am a mother flat and there is no chance I could do that to my own child. 3. What would you like to accomplish in forgiving services? I would like to accomplish a lot in human service; first I would like to help as legion(predicate) children as I can, give them a pricy home with a happy family. Being able to make a person or child smile is my main goal, help them in their lives in any way I can.My main guardianship is to be there for the worst and turn that post upside down into a better situation. 4. How do you go about solving personal problems? work out the problem is based on the situation, one thing I always follow is get tout ensemble of the facts, hear both sides of the stories. But once you have lied and crossed me, it is hard to build my assertion back. Solving personal problems is hard at clock but there is always a ascendant to a problem so I neer give up until I find that answer.\r\n'

'Bloodsucking Fiends: A Love Story Chapter 32\r'

'Chapter 32\r\nAll for One, and… salubrious, You Know\r\nThey magn ingest distill in been the Magnificent Seven or the Seven Samurai. If for each one of them had been a clever professional, a gasolinefighter with a case flaw, or a broken warrior with a bygone †or if each had a secret effort for joining a suicide mission, an antiheros sense of proficientice, and a burning desire to put things remediate †they might suck in become an elite fighting social unit whose resourcefulness and courage would lead them to victory t prohibited ensemble over those who would oppose or oppress. But the fact was, they were a disorganized bunch of perpetual adolescents, un draw a bead oned and impromptu for anything solely throwing stock and having fun: the Animals.\r\nThey sat on the registers as Tommy paced forward them telling them round the vampire, ab come forth Simons death, and self-aggrandizing them the c either to fulfill turn the emperor stood by qu oting passages from Henry the Fifths speech at the dispute of Agincourt.\r\nâ€Å"The cops argonnt going to believe it, and I sternt do it alone,” Tommy say.\r\nThe emperor express, â€Å"‘We a few(prenominal), we lucky few… â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"So whos with me?”\r\nThe Animals didnt say a parole.\r\nâ€Å"Barry,” Tommy utter, â€Å"youre a scuba diver. Youve got some b anys, right? Sure, youre bald and going to fat, lull this is a chance to chafe a difference.”\r\nBarry looked at this shoes.\r\nTommy jumped to move, who hung his fountainhead so that his fatty blond hair covered his face. â€Å" displace, you have the approximately complete hunch overledge of chemistry of anyone Ive ever met. Its sentence to use it.”\r\nâ€Å"Weve got a truck to unload,” Drew verbalize.\r\nTommy go to Clint; stared into his broad glasses, ruffled his curly black hair. â€Å"Clint, idol wants you to do this. This vampire is evil incarnate. Sure, youre a weensy burned proscribed, but you whoremonger still castigate a blow for righteousness.”\r\nâ€Å"Blessed are the meek,” say Clint.\r\nâ€Å"Jeff!” Tommy said. The big jock looked up, as if the key to the instituteation lay in the fluorescent lights. â€Å"Jeff, youre big, youre dumb, your knee is pursy out, but hey, firearm, you look tidy. We might be satisfactory to use that.”\r\nJeff began whistling.\r\nTommy moved on. â€Å" rack up, your great deal have been suppress for degree centigrades of years. Its time to strike back. Look, you dont have your MBA yet †they havent wholly juiced you of your usefulness yet. Would Martin Luther King back down from this gainsay? Malcolm X? James Brown? Dont you have a dream? Dont you feel good, standardized you k refreshed that you would, now?”\r\n rack up shook his head. â€Å"I have to study in the morning, man.”\r\nâ€Å"troy downwind? Samurai tradi tion? Youre the only trained fighter here.”\r\nâ€Å"Im Chinese, not Japanese.”\r\nâ€Å"Whatever. Youre a kung-fu computerized axial tomography. You can relate into a guys pocket and take his w entirelyet before he subsists its gone. No one has reflexes like you.”\r\nâ€Å"Okay,” troy said.\r\nTommy stopped on his way to the next man. â€Å" real?”\r\nâ€Å"Sure, Ill help you. Simon was a good friend.”\r\nâ€Å"Wow,” Tommy said. He looked to Gustavo. â€Å"Well?”\r\nGustavo shook his head.\r\nâ€Å"Viva Zapata!” Tommy said.\r\nâ€Å"Leave him alone,” troy weight lee side said. â€Å"Hes got a family.”\r\nâ€Å"Youre right,” Tommy said. â€Å"Sorry, Gustavo.”\r\n troy weight Lee got up and stood in take care of the other Animals. â€Å"But you fuckers. You worthless bags of hound meat. If Simon could see you hed shoot every one of you. This could be the best party we ever had.”\r\ nDrew looked up. â€Å" political party?”\r\nâ€Å"Yeah,” troy weight Lee said, â€Å"party. We drink some brews, accusation some ass, dismember some monsters †maybe fill up some babes. Christ, Drew, who knows what kind of shit we could take into. And youre going to miss it.”\r\nâ€Å"Im in,” said Drew.\r\nâ€Å"Me too,” said Barry.\r\nTroy looked at Jeff and Clint. â€Å"Well?” They nodded.\r\nâ€Å" beat out, you in?”\r\nâ€Å"Okay,” chew out said without conviction.\r\nâ€Å"Okay,” Tommy said. â€Å"Lets throw the truck. We cant start until morning anyway. Well figure out a plan and exact some weapons hence.”\r\nTroy Lee held up a finger. â€Å"One thing. How do we set the vampire?”\r\nTommy said, â€Å"Okay, lets get to work.”\r\nMorning found the Animals in the Safeway pose flock, drinking beer and discussing the strategy for decision and disposing of a monster.\r\nâ€Å"So, as far as you know, drugs dont chance on them?” Drew asked.\r\nâ€Å"I dont compute so,” Tommy said.\r\nâ€Å"Well, no love hes pissed withdraw,” Drew said.\r\nâ€Å"What about gun for hires?” Jeff asked. â€Å"Ive got Simons scattergun at my house.”\r\nTommy thought for a moment before answering. â€Å"They can be hurt; I mean, damaged. But Jody heals unbelievably fast †this guy might even be faster. Still, Id rather have a twelve-gauge against him than nothing.”\r\nBarry said, â€Å"A interest through the heart always works in the movies.”\r\nTommy nodded. â€Å"It might work. We could try it. If we get that far, we can caterpillar tread him up, too.”\r\nâ€Å"Spearguns,” Barry said. â€Å"Ive got three of them. A CO2 model and devil that use e last-placeics. They wont shoot far, but they might gloaming him down while we cut him up.”\r\nâ€Å"Ive got a duad of short fighting swords,” Troy Le e interjected. â€Å"razor sharp.”\r\nâ€Å" sizable,” Tommy said. â€Å"Bring em.”\r\nâ€Å"Ill bring the Word,” Glint said. Hed been shouting â€Å" own thee behind me, Satan,” all night, putting the Animals on edge.\r\nâ€Å" wherefore dont you just go home and pray,” Lash said, giving Glint a push. â€Å"We need some action here.” He turned from Glint and addressed the group. â€Å"Look, guys, spearguns and swords are great, but how do we invent this guy? The cops have been looking for him for three months, and they seemingly havent had any luck. If hes rattling afterward Tommy, then the best thing we can do is ambush him at Tommys apartment. And Im not for authentic I want to face him when hes awake. Simon was my friend too, but he was also one of the quickest people I ever met and the vampire took him out like he was a baby. And the paper said that he was armed. I dont know…”\r\nâ€Å"Hes right,” Drew s aid. â€Å"Were fucked. Anyone want to press stud the ferry to Sausalito and terrorize some yuppie artists? Ive got mushrooms.”\r\nâ€Å"Shrooms! Shrooms! Shrooms!” the Animals chanted.\r\nSuddenly there was a staccato clanging, like someone battering on a garbage-can lid with a stick, which is fairly much what it was. The emperor, who had been silent all night, stepped into the circle. â€Å"Before your acanthas go to jelly, men, take heart. Ive been thinking.”\r\nâ€Å"Oh, no!” someone shouted.\r\nâ€Å"I think I have a way to find the devil and dispose of him before sundown.”\r\nâ€Å"Right,” Drew said sarcastically. â€Å"How?”\r\nThe emperor butterfly picked up Bummer and held out the nethersize go after as if he were displaying the Holy Grail. â€Å"Pound for pound, a rejoin way s ancientier never marched, and a better tracker never sniffed out a sewer rat. Ive been so stupid.”\r\nâ€Å"Beg your pardon, Your Majesty,” Tommy said. â€Å"But what the fuck are you lecture about?”\r\nâ€Å"Until last night I didnt know that the lovely young woman with whom you share your plate was a vampire. Yet every time we passed your structure Bummer went into a frenzy. Hes been the same each time weve encountered the fiend himself. I believe he has a surplus sensitivity for the smell of vampires.”\r\nThey all stared at him, waiting.\r\nâ€Å" accumulate your courage and your weapons, good fellows. Well meet here in two hours and remove this evil from my city. And a undersized dog shall lead us.”\r\nThe Animals looked at Tommy, who shrugged and nodded. They had a new leader now. â€Å"Two hours, guys,” Tommy said. â€Å"The emperor moths in charge.”\r\nCavuto watched the Animals disperse though his field glasses. He was sitting in the parking lot at Fort Mason, a nose candy yards from the Safeway. He put down the binoculars and dialed Riveras tot up on hi s cellular rally.\r\nâ€Å"Rivera.”\r\nâ€Å"Anything happening there?” Cavuto asked.\r\nâ€Å"No, I dont think that anything will now that its daylight. The lights stayed mutilate after the kid left, but I could hear a vacuum cleaner running. The girls up there but she didnt turn on the light.”\r\nâ€Å"So she likes to clean in the dark.”\r\nâ€Å"I think she can see in the dark.”\r\nâ€Å"I dont want to talk about it,” Cavuto said. â€Å"Anything else?”\r\nâ€Å"not much. Some kids were dropping pebbles on me from the roof. The guys in the foun change below the kids apartment are moving nearly now. A couple of bums are doing some close-order mankind urinating in the alley. Whats happening there?”\r\nâ€Å"The kid worked all night, drank some beers with the crew; they just split up but the kid and the wacko are still here.”\r\nâ€Å"Why dont you call in some imprint?”\r\nâ€Å"I dont want this out of our h ands until we know more. Stay by the reverberate.”\r\nâ€Å"Anything from the coroner?”\r\nâ€Å"Yeah, just got off the phone with him. Massive blood loss from the guy in the truck. None from the guy in the morgue. middle attack. They still havent found the girls organic structure.”\r\nâ€Å"Thats because she was cleaning house all night.”\r\nâ€Å"Gotta go,” Cavuto said.\r\nTommy and the emperor were waiting in the parking lot when the Animals returned in Troy Lees Toyota and began unloading equipment.\r\nâ€Å"Stop, stop, stop,” Tommy said. â€Å"We cant run all over the City with spearguns and swords.”\r\nâ€Å"And shotguns,” Jeff said proudly, jacking a blare into the chamber of Simons shotgun.\r\nâ€Å"Put that back in the car.”\r\n â€Å"No problem,” Drew said, retentiveness up a catalogue of Christmas wrap. â€Å"Dallas, November 22, 1963.”\r\nâ€Å"What?” Tommy said.\r\nâ€Å"Lee Harve y Oswald walks into the book depository with a Venetian blind. Minutes afterward Jackies scooping brains off the trunk of a Lincoln. Anybody asks, were all giving Venetian blinds to our moms for Christmas.”\r\nâ€Å"Oh,” Tommy said. â€Å"Okay.”\r\nClint climbed out of the Toyota draining a choir robe, a half twelve crosses hung around his neck. He held a Baggie full of barmy in one hand, a squirt gun in the other. â€Å"Im ready,” he said to Tommy and the emperor.\r\nâ€Å"Snacks,” Tommy said, nodding to the Baggie. â€Å" redeeming(prenominal) thinking.”\r\nâ€Å"The Heavenly Host,” Clint said. He brandished the squirt gun. â€Å"Loaded with divine water.”\r\nâ€Å"That stuff doesnt work, Clint.”\r\nâ€Å"O ye of short(p) faith,” Clint said.\r\nBummer and Lazarus had left the Emperors post and were nosing up to Clint. â€Å"See, they know the force-out of the Spirit.”\r\nJust then Bummer jumped and snatched the Baggie, then took off around the corner of the store, followed strong-nigh by Lazarus, Clint, and the Emperor.\r\nâ€Å"Stop him,” Clint shouted at an old man coming out of the store. â€Å"Hes taken the body of Christ.”\r\nâ€Å"Dont hurt him,” the Emperor shouted. â€Å"Hes the only hope for frugality the City.”\r\nTommy took off after them. As he passed the gravel old man, Tommy said, â€Å"Last week they were playing cards with Elvis.What can I say?”\r\nThe old man seemed to accept this and hurried off.\r\nTommy caught up with them behind the store, where the Emperor was holding Bummer in one hand and fending off Clint with his wooden sword with the other, while Lazarus licked the last few crumbs out of the torn plastic bag.\r\nâ€Å"He ate the blessed Savior!” Clint wailed. â€Å"He ate the blessed Savior!”\r\nTommy caught Clint around the waist and pulled him away. â€Å"Its okay, Clint. Bummers a Christian. ”\r\nJeff round the corner, his size-fourteen Reeboks clomping like a quarter horse. He looked at the empty Baggie. â€Å"Oh, I get it. They lyophilised him, right?”\r\nDrew came around the corner, followed by Lash and Troy Lee.\r\nâ€Å"Do we have a partying platoon, or what?” Drew said.\r\nJeff said, â€Å"I never knew that they freeze-dried Jesus, did you?”\r\nLash checked his watch. â€Å"Weve got less than six hours before it gets dark. by chance we should get started.”\r\nTommy released Clint and the Emperor lowered his sword.\r\nâ€Å"We need something to give Bummer the scent,” the Emperor said. â€Å"Something that the fiend has touched.”\r\nTommy dug into his jeans pocket and pulled out one of the hundreds that Jody had given him. â€Å"Im pretty sure that he touched this, but its been a while.”\r\nThe Emperor took the hundred and held it to Bummers nose. â€Å"It shouldnt matter. His senses are keen and his heart is righteous.” To Bummer he said, â€Å"This is the scent, little one. Find this scent.”\r\nHe put Bummer down and the little dog was off with a yap and a snort. The vampire hunters followed, losing fold of Bummer as he rounded the store. When they came around to the front of the store, the manager was coming out, holding a snarling Bummer in his arms.\r\nâ€Å"Flood, is this your dog?”\r\nâ€Å"Hes his own man,” the Emperor said.\r\nâ€Å"Well, he just ran in and blew snot all over the cash in register eight. You train him to find money?”\r\nThe Emperor looked down to the hundred-dollar crown in his hand, then at Tommy. â€Å"Perhaps we should find something else to put him on the scent.”\r\nâ€Å"Where was the last place you maxim the vampire?” Tommy asked.\r\nThe gate retain at the nonsuch Francis Yacht Club wasnt buying a word of it.\r\nâ€Å"Really,” Tommy said. â€Å"Were here to decorate for the Christmas party.” The Animals waved their gaily wrapped weapons to exposit the point. â€Å"And the Archbishop has come a bulky to perform midnight mass.” Tommy pointed to Clint, who grinned and winked through his thick glasses.\r\nâ€Å"Deus ex machina,” Clint said, exhausting his Latin. â€Å"Shalom,” he added for good measure.\r\nThe prophylactic tapped his clipboard. â€Å"Im sorry, gentlemen, I cant let you through without a rank or a guest pass.”\r\nThe Emperor change his throat royally. â€Å"Good man, each moment you custody may be paid for with human suffering.”\r\nThe guard thought that he might have just been threatened, hoped, in fact, that he had, so he could pull his gun, and was just letting his hand drop to his gun belt when the phone in the gate kiosk rang.\r\nâ€Å"Stay here,” he instructed the vampire hunters. He answered the phone and nodded at it, then looked across Marina Boulevard to where a brown Dodge was parked. He hung up the phone and came out of the booth.\r\nâ€Å"Go on in,” he said, obviously not happy about it. He pushed a button, the gate rose, and the Animals went in, headed for the East Harbor. Two minutes later the brown Dodge pulled up and stopped by the gate. Cavuto rolled down the window and flashed his badge.\r\nâ€Å"Thanks,” he said to the guard. â€Å"Ill keep an eye on them for you.”\r\nâ€Å"No problem,” said the guard. â€Å"You ever get to shoot anyone?”\r\nâ€Å"Not today.” Cavuto said. He drove though the gate, staying just out of sight of the Animals.\r\nAt the end of the dock the Animals and the Emperor stared forlornly at the big white motor yacht moored a hundred yards out into the harbor. Bummer was in the middle of a yapping fit.\r\nâ€Å"You see,” said the Emperor, â€Å"he knows that the fiend is aboard.”\r\nâ€Å"Youre sure thats the boat that he came off of?”\r\nâ€Å"Most definitely. It chills my spine to think of it †the mist forming into a monster.”\r\nâ€Å"Thats great,” Tommy said, â€Å"but how do we get aboard?” He turned to Barry, who was applying sunblock to his bald spot. â€Å"Can you submerge it?”\r\nâ€Å"We could all swim it,” Barry said. â€Å"But how do we keep the gun dry? I could go get my Zodiac and take us all out there, but itll take a while.”\r\nâ€Å"How long?”\r\nâ€Å"Maybe an hour.”\r\nâ€Å"Weve got four, maybe five-spot hours until sunset(a),” Lash said.\r\nâ€Å"Go,” Tommy said. â€Å"Get it.”\r\nâ€Å"No, wait,” said Drew, looking at the rows of yachts in the nearby slips. â€Å"Jeff, can you swim?”\r\nThe big power forward shook his head. â€Å"Nope.”\r\nâ€Å"Good,” Drew said. He took the Christmas-paper-wrapped shotgun from Jeff, then grabbed him by the arm and threw him into the water. â€Å"Man overboard! Man overboard! We need a boat.à ¢â‚¬Â\r\nThe few owners and crew members who were performing maintenance on the nearby boats looked up. Drew spotted a good-sized spirit tidy sum on the stern of a sixty-footer. â€Å"There, you guys, get that.”\r\nThe Animals go after the raft. The yachts crew helped them get it over the spatial relation into the water.\r\nJeff, flailing in the water, had slapped his way back to the dock. Drew pushed him away with the shotgun. â€Å"Not yet, big guy.” Over his shoulder he shouted, â€Å"Hurry, you guys! Hes drowning!”\r\nTommy, Barry, and Lash were paddling the rubber raft for all they were worth. The yachtsmen and the Emperor shouted instructions, while Drew and Troy Lee watched their friend trying not to drown.\r\nâ€Å"Hes doing really well for a non-swimmer,” Drew said calmly.\r\nâ€Å"Doesnt want to get his hair wet,” said Troy with Taoist simplicity.\r\nâ€Å"Yeah, cant fuck up that two hours of blow-drying.”\r\nTommy moved to t he front of the raft and held his seesaw out to Jeff. â€Å"Grab it.”\r\nJeff flailed and thrashed, but didnt grab the boat.\r\nâ€Å"If he stops paddling his head will go under,” Troy called. â€Å"Youll have to grab him.”\r\nTommy whacked Jeff on the head with the plastic paddle. â€Å"Grab it!” The power forward slipped under for a second and bobbed to the surface again.\r\nâ€Å"Thats one!” Drew called.\r\nâ€Å"Now grab it,” Tommy yelled. He raised the paddle as if to strike again. Jeff shook his head violently and reached for the paddle as he went under again.\r\nâ€Å"Thats two!”\r\nTommy pulled the paddle up with Jeff on the end while Barry and Lash wrestled the big man into the boat.\r\nâ€Å"Well done, men,” the Emperor said.\r\nThe yachtsmen stood at the end of the dock, watching in amazement. Drew turned to them. â€Å"Were going to need that raft for a while, okay?”\r\nOne of the crewmen started to protest and Drew jacked a shell into the shotgun, ripping the wrapping paper. â€Å"Big chisel hunt. We need the raft.”\r\nThe crewman nodded and backed away. â€Å"Sure, as long as you need it.”\r\nâ€Å"Okay,” Tommy called. â€Å"Everybody in the raft.”\r\nDrew and Troy Lee helped the Emperor get into the raft, then give over Bummer and Lazarus and climbed in themselves. The Emperor stood at the front of the raft as they made their way across the harbor to the Sanguine II.\r\nTwenty yards from the yacht Bummer began barking and springy around the raft. â€Å"The fiend is definitely on board,” the Emperor said. He picked up Bummer and shoved him into his pocket. â€Å"Well done, little one.”\r\nIt took five minutes to get everyone on board and the life raft secured to the stern. â€Å"How we doing on time, Lash?” Tommy asked.\r\nâ€Å"Were looking at four, maybe four and a half hours of daylight. willing he wake up at sunset or dark?â €\r\nâ€Å"Jody usually wakes up right at sunset. So lets say four.”\r\nâ€Å"Okay, everybody,” Tommy said, â€Å"lets spread out and find the vampire.”\r\nâ€Å"I dont know if thats a good idea,” said Jeff. He was dripping and his lips had gone grisly with the cold. The Animals looked at him. He was embarrassed by the attention. â€Å"Well, in all of the horror movies, the people split up and the monster picks them off one by one.”\r\nâ€Å"Good point,” Tommy said. â€Å"Everybody stay together; find this fucker and get it over with.” He raised a gift-wrapped spear-gun in salute. â€Å"For Simon!”\r\nâ€Å"For Simon!” the Animals shouted as they followed Tommy below.\r\n'

'Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay\r'

'We live in a population where a person is describe by the technological gear that they concord. Whether they carry a beepers, flip audios, or the revolutionized smart bring forwards, people ar always characterizing themselves and others with the jail cellular spins they carry. apple has created a phenomena when they thawd the innovated iPhone to the world in 2008 which took this familiarity to in the buff heights. apple Inc started its revolution of the technological patience in 1976 with its found Steve Jobs. orchard apple tree Inc has evolved throughout the umteen age; starting with motherboards for personal computers to later ontogenesis their stimulate carcasss. apple has always been making strides to suitable the leading provider for personal gubbinss. Upon the succeeder of the iPods, Steve Jobs veritable a new pioneering product that would take the cell skirt industry to the next level, in 2007 Steve Jobs stood in front of a panel of consumers and demo nstrated his new creation of the iPhone First Generation. The crowd stood up and gave a roaring applauds that echoed throughout the room. After that day, he worked to completed his creation with adapting it to many different functionalities through his several(a) versions of the project.\r\n apple has always been in a leauge of their own until other companies decide to compete with the iPhone. The smart bid uproar has begun with companies like Samsung, LG, Pantech, and HTC started to develop their own interpertation of a smart phone. Companies utilize their consumer’s different spirit to find them a perfect suit for their needs. orchard apple tree started their smart phone as a monopoly for the initiative couple months until the emerge of the low Samsung smart phone to combat the epidemic of the phone that could do it all. orchard apple tree has created and released their phone in many different versions (iPhone, iPhone 3G, iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPhone 5, iP hone 5C, iPhone 5S).\r\nThe stream phone is the iPhone 5S which sold everywhere 6.5 billion devices in the first month of it”s launch. apple deemed this to be a huge success for the end of the imbibe for their caller-out. Apple’s strategy for the gross sales are to keep consumers cosntantly guessing to what the new phone pull up stakes feature and when their device will launch; this manoeuvre creates a massive expect for the product. Upon release, the iPhone was a monopoly for the undecomposable fact that it was the first phone with the largest display back as compared to the typical screen size on the other phones. For the first time a phone did not incorperate a keypad and a in full touch screen to include dialing and sms features. Apple in addition insured their products would reach new heights when they intergrated the iPod into their phones to conquer whatever the consumer downloaded prior to the phone to be contend all on the same device where they act phone calls.\r\nThe smart device market is a oligopoly for the simple fact that few companies manafacture and distri savee cellular phones. Their are many different tech companies and in that respect are only a smattering that are major competitors to Apple Inc. On the release of the device, AT& adenylic acid;T was the first participation to carry the device in the unite States to extend to the caller-out a monopoly of the phone which increased the craft of the company and also developed a cockeyed partnership until the release of the iPhone 4 where Apple Inc allowed nigh carriers to carry the device. Upon it’s release in 2007, Apple struggled to keep up with the demand of the device and they authorized they were faced with a increased demand with a limited run With the proper reseach and manafacturing tactics world in place, Apple Inc released the iPhone 3G in 2008 and sold over one million phones.\r\nAlthough it was a major success to the company, it was speculated amongst their analyst that it could have became a bigger release if they had no restraint on the supply and distrubution aspects. The supply of the iPhone 3GS had room for improvement although the lessions of previous deevice should have been implemented. It took an curious five business days for the phone to fully ship to consumers who preordered the device versus the promised 24 hours. This device has became a pioneer not only within the United States but it became a growning phenom amongst the major continents such as Asia and Europe. The reason behind the shortage was the increasing demand of the consumers outside of the United States. On average, a company has a gap of 100,000 units each year but it was driven up to one million units demanded receivable to the higher(prenominal) international demand. If Apple Inc had kept up with all their demand needs, they would have gained more sales over the many years.\r\nThroughout Apple Inc years of manafacturing iPhones, th e demand and supply has affected the legal injury of the devices. commonly when a company has a increase in demand they create a limited summate of inventory and sell the units at a higher equipment casualty, in Apple Inc they intially released the device at a full retail value when their pioneer device was released but they view the area of oppurtunity was to target the core class. With that research, they allowed the iPhone 3G to be release with a contract in AT&T whcih allowed the device to to the highest degree drop more than half of the monetary value of the first device. This strategy was used to compete with competitors that were advertising their products as being more affordable to the average Ameri clears versus Apple Inc.\r\nApple’s price cut was a strategy to appeal to more buyers at a larger demographic and with that release they reduced the price of the previous one which gained the late bloomers for the device. Apple Inc’s iPhone price strategy can be defined as a inter-temporal price discrimination. Inter0temporal price discrimation is when a company sets a high price for a product to consumers in order to bring out the success of a product with the highest willingness to purchase the products and and so lower the price to attract the consumers with lower willingness to purchase it. Once Apple Inc has decrease their product they recognize a increase of their products from 4.7 million to 15 million iPhone sold.\r\nYes, Apple Inc has risen to their ranks by themselves but along the way they have partnered with many different companies. Apple Inc has embraced their very first partnership with AT&T communications to becoem the first carrier to carry the device. With the release of the iPhone 4S, Apple Inc has reached out to a company called SRI International who made a very interactive feature for the iPhone which elevated what a smart phone is capable of doing. They introduced SIRI, which is a personal assistant who can make notes, set alarms, make witty remarks and more more. This partnership soon became a merger where apple purchased the company and became an Apple Inc branded company. Where there were partnerships there were also enemies that have been made. With the release of the operating system IOS 6, Apple removed anything that had connections to Google and replaced it with their very own platforms.\r\nIn conclusion, Apple Inc has revolutionized the communication business with the very esquisite device of the Apple iPhone. With the many companies that try to perfect the idea, Apple Inc took the cell phone industry to a alone new level. In Microeconomics, its all about appreciation consumers and why they make the decision in which they do. Apple Inc had discovered a new way to incorperate an ideal market, formulate a way that everyone can be involved in this innovention and make this a revolutionizing product.\r\n'

'Marking Scheme\r'

'www. studyguide. pk UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE world(prenominal) EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary aim and GCE Advanced pose MARK SCHEME for the may/June 2008 app bent movement publisher 9697 HISTORY 9697/01 penning 1, maximum raw lollipop 100 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and empennagedidates, to indicate the carryments of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to honour marks. It does non indicate the details of the repugnions that as well ask place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began.All Examiners be instructed that secondary indemnify purposes and unexpected memory accesses in open firedidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly glisten the germane(predicate) existledge and skills demonstrated. grudge schemes must be sympathize in conjunction with the incredulity papers and the enunciate on the examination. • CIE exit non enter into discussions or corresponden ce in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publish the mark schemes for the whitethorn/June 2008 question papers for around IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllab utilizations and close to Ordinary Level syllabuses. www. xtremepapers. realise www. studyguide. pk foliate 2 bulls eye purpose GCE A/AS LEVEL †May/June 2008 platform 9697 opus 01 GENERIC MARK BANDS FOR set ab come forth QUESTIONS Examiners deliver assess which Level of Response surmount reflects closely of the answer. An answer leave behind non be required to demonstrate on the whole of the descriptions in a particular Level to qualify for a Mark Band. In tidy sums of 3 or 4 marks, examiners pull up s prosecutes unremarkably ap record the middle mark/ wizness of the middle marks, moderating it up or rout according to the particular qualities of the answer. In bands of 2 marks, examiners should a state of ward the cut back mark if an answer just deserves the band an d the soaringer mark if the answer understandably deserves the band.Band 1 Marks 21â€25 Levels of Response The arise give be consistently analytical or explanatory quite a than descriptive or narrative. Essays pull up stakes be to the full pertinent. The job go out be structured coherently and abet by rattling assume actual hearty and ideas. The writing entrust be accurate. At the lower closing of the band, on that point may be some weaker sections much thanover the general property imparting show that the burndidate is in control of the line of reasoning. The best answers must be awarded 25 marks. 2 18â€20 Essays exit be focused clearly on the demands of the question still at that place will be some unevenness.The address will be mostly analytical or explanatory rather than descriptive or narrative. The answer will be mostly relevant. close to of the production line will be structured coherently and support by largely accurate factual material . The postage stamp will be that a trade goodish consentaneous answer has been provided. 3 16â€17 Essays will reflect a clear consciousness of the question and a fair attempt to provide an melodic line and factual knowledge to answer it. The approach will contain analysis or explanation entirely there may be some hard descriptive or narrative passages. The answer will be largely relevant.Essays will achieve a genuine job tinyly may privation rest period and depth in factual knowledge. Most of the answer will be structured satisfactorily b atomic number 18ly some parts may privation full coherence. 4 14â€15 Essays will indicate attempts to argue relevantly although often implicitly. The approach will dep complete more(prenominal) on some heavily descriptive or narrative passages than on analysis or explanation, which may be moderate to introductions and conclusions. Factual material, sometimes real full, will be used to impart information or give away events rather than to address directly the requirements of the question.The structure of the argument could be organised more effectively. 5 11â€13 Essays will offer some appropriate elements entirely there will be microscopical attempt primarily to yoke factual material to the requirements of the question. The approach will lack analysis and the quality of the description or narrative, although sufficiently accurate and relevant to the topic if non the particular question, will non be linked effectively to the argument. The structure will show weaknesses and the treatment of topics within the answer will be wild. 6 8-10 Essays will non be properly focused on the requirements of the question. at that place may be m whatsoever unsupported assertions and commentaries that lack sufficient factual support. The argument may be of particular(a) relevance to the topic and there may be mental confusion about the implications of the question. 7 0-7 Essays will be characterised by sig nificant irrelevance or arguments that do not begin to make significant points. The answers may be largely fragmentary and incoherent. Marks at the quarter of this Band will be given very rarely because even the most wayward and fragmentary answers usu every(prenominal)y make at l easterly a few valid points. © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. mesh topology www. studyguide. k paginate 3 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL †May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 write up 01 segmentation A: The Origins of macrocosm fight I, 1870â€1914 handing-Based Question: psychoanalysis and Evaluation 1 ‘Serbia was most to beak for the Sarajevo Crisis. ’ commit springs Aâ€E to show how advertisemost the picture bears this statement. CONTENT ANALYSIS [L2â€3] EVALUATION [L4â€5] A absolute antiAustrian, antiFranz Ferdinand statement by a member of a terrorist group. Y-Threats expressed to Austria and the Archduke B Official letter from a German embassador to the Kaiser wi th his handwritten notes. Y-The ambassador urged Austria to take a oderate attitude and avoid an extreme response. N-William II realised that the situation was very serious and fully supported Austria. He did not urge moderation. CROSSREFERENCE TO some early(a) PASSAGES Y- tooth root C agrees Y- solution can be that there was legitimate not however general antias the personal Austrian relish in view of the writer moreover as the conviction of Serbia. N-Contradicted by different(a) members of showtime D and the Black feed. especially bug E, N-Source comes from a member of a the views of official Serbian purview small group. Although particularly which is impetuous to reach a settlement iolent, it was not with Austria. congresswoman of general Serbian opinion. Y-The letter is au pasttic and probably reflects accurately the views of the embassador. Y-The Kaiser’s handwritten notes are authentic and reflect his chemical re satisfy to the blackwash of Archduke Fr anz Ferdinand. Y-Although the writers of B disagree about Austria’s reactions, taken together they represent different German opinions. Y-Agrees with Source A that the Austrians see danger in Serbia. Source C agrees that Serbian public opinion is very widely anti-Austrian. N-Source D gives the cautious and anxious views of the French nd British disposals. in that location is in addition a type to the fears of the Serbian administration. © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. authorise former(a) (e. g. Contextual knowledge) Y- Serbia was the prima(p) state in the Balkans that stand for a serious nationalist threat to the divers(a) Austrian Empire. It susceptibility have do more to capture violent groups. N-The Serbian governmental sympathies was not responsible for the character character assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. This act was condemned universally but Austria used it as an excuse to take action against Serbia. It did not enter negotiations seriously . Y-By 1914, Austria was eeply suspicious of Serbia as the loss leader of hostile sunrise(prenominal) independent states, threatening the un slight break-up of its Empire. Y-Serbia did not act sufficiently to suppress anti-Austrian terrorist groups. N-The Kaiser’s notes reflect his complete support for Austria, e. g. the Blank Cheque, and his disposal to adopt hasty and immoderate attitudes. N-The conditions that Austria made on Serbia were probably too humiliating to be turn outable. www. studyguide. pk knave 4 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL †May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 subject 01 C Letter of an Austrian diplomatist to the Austrian immaterialMinister Y-Anti-Austrian aroma was widespread in Serbia. All social and organizational groups were involved. There was even the (ludicrous) admit that Austria had caused the assassination. Y-The diplomat was in Belgrade when he wrote the letter; he had first-hand knowledge. N-He neglects the reasons for Serbian hostility t o Austria. Y-Agrees with Source A, which is recount of terrorist animosity to Austria. Agrees with the Kaiser in Source B that Austria had a justified grievance against Serbia. N-Disagrees with D, the moderate views of separate major states who do not condemn Serbia. Disagrees ith Source E, which is an offer by the Serbian government to settle differences. Y-Anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia had been make up for a extensive time. An physical exercise was the Balkans fights. Austria snarl itself on the defensive. N-Serbia was a smaller country and did not represent a major threat, even to a declining Austria. D Letter from the French embassador to his unconnected Minister. N-Fears of an extreme Austrian reaction are share by the governments of France, Britain and Serbia. Austria is seen as the major danger to peace. Y-The letter probably represents accurately the discussions in which he Ambassador was involved. N-Source does not appreciate the reasons why Austria was taking a punishing line against Serbia. Y-Source B partly agrees inasmuch as the German Ambassador dissuaded the Austrians from taking extreme measures. Source E agrees as the offer of the Serbian government to resolve differences with Austria. N-Source C strongly disagrees. Source A can overly be seen to disagree because it shows the ceaseless hostility of an antiAustrian terrorist group. Y-France and Britain deprivationed to defuse the Sarajevo crisis. The Serbian government was involuntary to make concessions. N-The British overnment did not make its exact attitude sufficiently clear. E Message from a Serbian Ambassador to his Prime Minister. N-The Serbian government condemns the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and inclinationes to strengthen good relations with Austria. Y-The marrow is reliable because it is very probably authentic. N-The Serbian government had not previously done all animadvertable to suppress violent anti-Austrian groups. Y-Source D agrees directly and indi rectly. Source B partially agrees (the words of the German Ambassador). N-Source A can be taken to disagree as can the Kaiser‘s notes in Source B.Source C strongly disagrees: opinion in Serbia is extremely anti-Austrian. Y-The Serbian government responded positively to Austrian demands aft(prenominal)(prenominal) the Sarajevo assassination. N-The Serbian government had tolerated the presence of some extreme antiAustrian groups. © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. send away www. studyguide. pk paginate 5 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL †May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 Marking Notes [Note: all papers are to be marked using the generic marking bands for source-based and see questions. ) 1 Source-Based Question L1 WRITES ABOUT THE HYPOTHESIS, NO pulmonary tuberculosis OF SOURCES [1â€5]These answers write about Sarajevo or even generally about 1914 but will ignore the question, i. e. they will not use the sources as information/ show up to test the given hypothesis. Fo r example, they will not discuss ‘Serbia was most to blame for the Sarajevo Crisis’ but will signalize events very generally. Include in this level answers which use information taken from the sources but only in providing a summary of views expressed by the writers, rather than for testing the hypotheses. Alternatively, the sources qualification be ignored in a general essay answer. L2 USES INFORMATION construe FROM THE SOURCES TO gainsay OR SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS 6â€8] These answers use the sources as information rather than as demo, i. e. sources are used at face cheer only with no evaluation/interpretation in context. For example, ‘Austria magnified the crisis caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The German Ambassador in Source B does not think that the Austrian government should take precipitate measures against Serbia, p meanring a more imagineed approach. Source D states that the British Foreign Minister divided up this view a nd entrustd that the Austrian government should be valid in its demands on Serbia.Source E gives the view of the Serbian government, in which it promised not to allow extremism against Austria in its territories. Those proved of universe involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand would be punished. The Serbian government wished for good relations with Austria. ’ Or alternatively, ‘Austria did not exaggerate the crisis caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Source A portrays the extreme opinions of a member of a terrorist group even afterwards the assassination. They represented a potent threat to Austria.In Source B, the Kaiser supported Austria and did not agree that Austria should be talk over to be cautious. In Source C, the Austrian diplomat describes widespread extreme anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia after the assassination. ’ L3 USES INFORMATION TAKEN FROM SOURCES TO contest AND SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS. [9â€13] Thes e answers know that testing the hypothesis involves both attempting to confirm and to disconfirm it. However, sources are used only at face value. For example, ‘There is secernate for and against the claim that Serbia was most to blame for the Sarajevo Crisis.Source A supports the claim because it is evidence of the views of a member of a terrorist group that was completely anti-Austrian and completely critical of the get smoothen to Sarajevo of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. He was not only expressing his own opinion. This is supported in Source B by the views of Kaiser William II and in Source C, the description of anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia. On the other hand, the claim is contradicted by other Sources. Source C records the fears of a Serbian Ambassador in Britain that Austria would overreact whilst Grey, the British Foreign Minister, had asked the Austrian government to pursue oderate policies. Source E proves that the Serbian government was willing to punish those who were responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and sought good relations with Austria. ’ © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk rapscallion 6 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL †May/June 2008 L4 BY reading/EVALUATING SOURCES CHALLENGE OR SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS. IN CONTEXT, Syllabus 9697 FINDS Paper 01 EVIDENCE TO [14â€16] These answers are capable of using sources as evidence, i. e. demonstrating their utility in testing the hypothesis, by interlingual rendition them in their historical context, i. . not simply accept them at face value. For example, ‘It is more accurate that Austria exaggerated the crisis caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Source A is violently anti-Austrian and regards the Archduke as a tyrant. It was particularly offensive to give up such a statement soon after the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. However, the Black Hand group was a small smallity and not nec essarily representative of the wider Serbian opinion. The Kaiser’s support of stern Austrian action in Source B is distinctive of his volatile tendencies.It is not reliable as evidence of Austria’s reaction. Source C is a ample account of anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia but is not necessarily reliable although it is written by a diplomat. It is contradicted by the views of the Serbian Ambassador in Source D, who claims that Austria had pursued anti-Serbian policies for a long time, and even more by the Serbian Ambassador in Source E. There mogul have been strong anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia, as Source C reports, but Source E is strong evidence of the wish of the Serbian government not to provoke Austria.Source D includes the views of other governments. Both the French and British governments believe that the Austrian government should remain calm. There was a long history of ill feeling mingled with Austria and the Balkan states, especially in Serbia. The assassi nation of a leading member of the Austrian royal family (the Emperor’s heir) was particularly dramatic but Austria shared the blame for the poor relations among these countries. ’ L5 BY INTERPRETING AND EVALUATING SOURCES IN CONTEXT, FINDS EVIDENCE TO CHALLENGE AND SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS. 17â€21] These answers know that testing the hypothesis involves attempting both to confirm and disconfirm the hypothesis, and are capable of using sources as evidence to do this (i. e. both impediment and disconfirmation are done at this level). For example, (L4 plus) ‘… However, the sources can also be interpreted to show that Serbia was most to blame for the Sarajevo Crisis. Source A comes from a member of a terrorist group that had carried out the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and its programme was widely supported in Serbia.There is no sign that the Black Hand would end its activities and, although it had few members, the danger that they represented ha d already been proved by their role in the assassination. Source B includes the provocative views of the Kaiser but the German Ambassador’s letter does not criticise the Austrians for exaggerating the crisis; he only wishes the Austrians to be moderate in their response. Source C is strong evidence of the anti-Austrian sentiments in Serbia. The diplomat was correct in his belief that such feelings were very widespread in Serbia.It is also true that Serbia, like other Balkan states, believed that Austria was a declining business leader. Austria had to take strong action to replication this opinion. Even more insulting was the allegation that Austria had caused the assassination. ’ © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 7 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL †May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 L6 AS L5, PLUS EITHER (a) EXPLAIN why EVIDENCE TO CHALLENGE/SUPPORT IS BETTER/ PREFERRED, OR (b) RECONCILES/EXPLAINS PROBLEMS IN THE EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT N EITHER CHALLENGE NOR SUPPORT IS TO BE PREFERRED. [22â€25]For (a), the argument must be that the evidence for challenging or supporting the claim is more justified. This must involve a relative judgement, i. e. not just why some evidence is better, but why some evidence is worse. For example, ‘Although there is evidence in the Sources both to challenge and support the claim that Serbia was most to blame for the Sarajevo Crisis, the more convert case contradicts the claim. The strongest evidence is from the Sources that show how anxious the Serbian government was to defuse the situation. These are Source D and especially Source E.Although Source D is a letter from the Ambassador of a country that was not friendly towards Austria, it is probably an accurate account of the discussions that he was involved in. It can be supported by own knowledge that the Serbian government was frightening of Austria and that the British government, represented by Grey, called for moderation. Source E is very probably an accurate account of a Serbian government’s message to Austria and its wish to avoid extreme action. Source A should not be given much weight as justification for harsh policies by Austria. The members of the Black Hand group were few.They were a danger to Austria but this did not justify action against Serbia as a whole. The handwritten notes of William II in Source B are an exaggerated response in support of Austria. They wrinkle with the more sensible attitude of the German Ambassador in this omit. Whilst Source C is probably a generally accurate account of anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia, it ignores Austria’s responsibleness for bad relations amongst the states. ’ For (b) include all L5 answers which use the evidence to characterize the hypothesis (rather than simply seeking to support/contradict) in order to improve it.For example, ‘An alternative explanation is that, although Austria did not exaggerate the horror of t he assassination in the before long condition, it was not justified in using it as the excuse for a major war against Serbia which was then to involve all of the major countries in europium. The assassination did not only horrify Austria but all major European countries, the members of the trinity Entente as well as those of the Triple Alliance. Austria used the assassination to justify the complete suppression of Serbia, which had been its enemy for a long time. Source C is the only extract that refers to long-term anesthetizes and it is very one-sided.However, the crisis in Sarajevo can only be understood when we consider these long term issues, including the animosity between the Austrian Empire and the more recently independent Balkan states and Austria’s membership of the Triple Alliance, with its rivalry to the major states in the Triple Entente. The Serbian government could have done more to suppress anti-Austrian terrorist groups but it did not have direct respon sibility for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo and tried seriously to defuse the situation. ’ © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 8Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL †May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 partition B Essay Questions 2 How farthest did cat sleep Bonaparte ensure liberty and equality in his domestic government of France? The key issue is the temper of forty winks’s government of France. The question clearly refers to domestic issues; discussions of foreign policy or the pretend of Napoleon’s rule on other countries will not be relevant unless they are a brief part of introductions or conclusions. cardinal would expect answers in Bands 1 (21â€25) and 2 (18â€20) to consider arguments for and against Napoleon’s support for liberty and equality.However, examiners should not require an equal balance. The balance will reflect the argument. For example, it world power reject ’lib eral’ measures as of minor wideness. Answers in other Bands baron plump for an argument that accepts or rejects ’liberty and equality;’ without considering the alternative at all. It will be relevant to discuss the principle Napoleon (1804), an attempt to unify the diverse justnesss of France. Its confirmation of equality before the law and the end of privilege, and ghostly toleration would point towards Napoleon’s liberalism. Careers were open to talent.However, associations of workers were banned and women were given fewer rights than men. Napoleon unplowed a tight hold on power through his controlling rule. Officials were nominated and the Empire ensured Napoleon’s personal rule. Opposition was suppressed and reference top executive be made to the work of Fouche as Minister of Police. Equality was limited by the barricade of promotion to Napoleon’s supporters. 3 wherefore did industrialisation have crucial political effectuate on Europe during the nineteenth century? (You should refer to developments in at least two of the quest countries: Britain, France and Germany in your answer. The key issue is the link between industrialisation and political developments. Candidates are asked to refer to at least two countries. This should help to avoid hidden responses. However, examiners will not expect any balance between the two or three countries and the question does not specify how much time should be given to particular examples. It will not be necessary to describe the development of the Industrial renewing per se but to link developments to the key issue. It might be argued that the Industrial Revolution encouraged the harvest-tide of a new middle class.Its scotch riches enabled it to play a more principal(prenominal) political role. Reference might be made to the ameliorate Acts (1832 and 1867) in Britain and to political advances in France from 1848. The position of the urban functional class, a lthough it lacked economic power, was enhanced by its ingress in large towns. Gradually political concessions had to be made to them, partly to avoid unrest. Reference might be made to the Reform Acts (1867 and 1884), with its supplements such as the Secret Ballot Act, in Britain and to political events in France.Political concessions were also made to the working class in Germany by the end of the nineteenth century. It will be relevant to discuss social reform, for example in education and housing, which came about largely because of the political pressures from the working class. High credit should be given when candidates point out the link between industrialisation and new political ideas such as Socialism and Marxism. © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 9 4 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL †May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01Why was von Bismarck more booming than the revolutionaries of 1848â€49 in unifying Germany? The key issue is the telep hone circuit between Bismarck’s success and the misery of the German revolutionaries in 1848â€49. Examiners should expect a reasonable balance. 60:40 each way can virtuousness any mark but 70:30 would normally lead to the award of one Band lower than would otherwise be given. However, as in all answers, the overall quality of the argument will be the most authorised criterion. An clear discussion of Bismarck in an otherwise imbalanced answer might still be deserving a high mark.Band 5 (11â€13) will require a basic understanding of either Bismarck or the 1848â€49 revolutions. The question asks ‘Why? ’ and the most effective answers will be analytical but answers that contain sequential analyses of Bismarck and 1848â€49 should not be undervalued. Bismarck was helped by Prussia’s strong soldiery power whereas the earlier revolutionaries had been militarily weak. He was supported by William I whereas Frederick William IV pooh-pooh the poss ibility of a German crown. However, Frederick William IV did state a comparatively liberal constitution that became charismatic to other German states.Prussia’s economy was strong; candidates can discuss the importance of the Zollverein. Bismarck was more skilful in handling the other German states. He was more successful in relations with other countries through his diplomacy and use of war. Candidates can illustrate this through the Danish War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870). Meanwhile, Austria was a weaker rival by the 1860s and less able to prevent German unification. 5 apologise the problems European countries go about in promoting lofty amplification during the later nineteenth century.The key issue is the problems faced by European countries when they engaged in empurpled enterprises. Examiners will look for some examples, both from Europe and overseas. However, the range of possible overseas examples is wide and examin ers will be realistic in their expectations. For example, some very good arguments might be supported by examples from a limited range of regions. There were problems in communication. Governments were sometimes involved in enterprises because of the actions of local officials, for example Britain and Cecil Rhodes. Sometimes different policies were favoured.For example, Bismarck was less burning than German public opinion. In spite of hopes for profits, imperial expansion could be expensive. Imperialism resulted in tensions between countries and added to military costs because larger and more expensive navies were needed. There was the danger of war and reference can be made to some crises such as Britain and France’s involvement at Fashoda (1898). Some candidates might huckster the question to use ‘problems’ as a spin to explain the causes of imperialism, for example economic advantage or strategic interests.This will be valid as long as the link is made betw een causes and problems. © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 10 6 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL †May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 Why was the First World War so important in the evenfall of the Romanov regime and the victory of the Bolsheviks? The key issue is the link between the First World War and the events of 1917. Candidates might take either of two approaches. 1914â€17 might be seen as the culmination of a long decline of tsarist government, with less attention being given to the wartime period.Alternatively, answers might begin in 1914. both approach is possible but the temptation in the first will be to spend too long on the pre-war period. In particular, the Bolsheviks were not in a strong position in 1914 and answers in Band 1 (21â€25) and Band 2 (18â€20) will need to show a sound understanding of the Bolshevik victory by the end of 1917. Answers that spot only with the February or the October Revolutions might find it trying to get beyond Band 3 (16â€17). The war push aside Nicholas II’s regime. Russia suffered heavy defeats with broad casualties.The resulting inflation ruined an economy that had been improving by 1914 but was still too weak to reassert the pressures of the conflict. Food became short. The Tsar’s decision to take personal command showed his lack of ability as a military leader but it also discredited him politically. Russia was left to the rule of Tsarina Alexandra and Rasputin. The vector sum was the February Revolution. In spite of their later propaganda, Lenin and the Bolsheviks were not important in this rising. Kerensky and the Provisional Government failed to establish a stable government.They tried to deal with grievances about diet and land but ineffectively. The many political groups could not be managed. The war beard unsuccessfully and the resulting grievances increased. Although Lenin and the Bolsheviks were check into in the July Days, Kornilov†™s attempted coup discredited Kerensky. The October Revolution showed the ability of Lenin and the Bolsheviks, although a minority, to take deciding(prenominal) action. Lenin’s promise of major reforms and slogans such as ‘All power to the soviets’ had an enthusiastic response. Lenin soon inclined his offer of a coalition government to chisel in the Bolsheviks firmly in power. ‘The unpopularity of the Versailles settlement was the most important reason why Hitler gained power in 1933. ’ How far do you agree with this judgement? The key issue is the reasons why Hitler came to power in 1933. Candidates might continue the explanation throughout 1933 by explaining the sequence of events from his assigning as Chancellor to the introduction of the Enabling Act. However, answers that end with the Chancellor’s appointment can merit any mark. The question asks candidates to consider particularly the importance of the Versailles settlement.This di smantled the German military. Colonies were surrendered. There were territorial concessions in Europe, especially the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the loss of areas in the east to Poland. People who were regarded as German were living in other countries. Reparations had to be paid. Unification with Austria was forbidden. The War criminality clause attributed blame for the First World War to Germany. Hatred of the settlement, the ‘stab in the back’ and the ‘November Criminals’ get together Germans. This can form the basis of a good answer.However, answers in Band 1 (21â€25) and Band 2 (18â€20) can be expected to go further and compare Versailles as a reason with other factors. Weimar Germany did not establish a stable democracy. proportional representation allowed small parties to exert undue political leader influence. Changes of government were frequent. Extreme right and left-wing parties caused tensions. However, high credit should be given to candidates who understand the limited appeal of the Nazis in the 1920s. The Munich Putsch (1923) was put down easily. The army and the Junkers/traditionally strong right-wing social classes continued to exert influence.Nevertheless, Weimar seemed to have been more successful in the 1920s. It alleviated the worst economic effectuate of the war, came to agreements about the repayment of reparations and was accepted as a leading member of the League of Nations. The death of Stresemann was a blow and it can be argued that the Wall lane Crash (1929) that drove the Weimar Republic off-course. Hitler himself was an effective leader. He built up the Nazis through organisation and propaganda to twist the second largest party in the 1930 election and the largest in 1932 †but they actually lost support in a later election that year.He kept his governing body when others, such as von Papen, thought that they could control him, refusing to accept any office except Chancellor. © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 11 8 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL †May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 How different were Stalin’s policies in governing Russia to 1939 from those of Nicholas II? The key issue is the contrast between Stalin and Nicholas II. Examiners can look for a balanced approach. 60:40 either way can merit any mark but 70:30 would normally lead to the award of one Band lower than would otherwise be given.However, as in all answers, the overall quality of the argument will be the most important criterion. An excellent discussion of either Stalin or Nicholas II in an otherwise unbalanced answer might still be worth a high mark. Candidates are free to argue that the similarities were more important than the differences: they were both autocrats; they suppressed political opposition; their secret police operated outside the law; they represented a personal cult of government. However, it might be claimed that Stalin’ s rule was more brutal. The millions of casualties went far beyond the numbers who were prosecuted/persecuted by Nicholas II.Their ideologies were different. Stalin claimed, justifiably or not, that his regime was based on Marxism. Nicholas II control by divine right. A few candidates might mention their different attitudes to religion and the Church but this is not necessary for any mark. Their economic policies were different. Stalin regarded economic change as a high priority. He pushed through radical reforms in agriculture and fabrication that had wholesale social implications. Nicholas II allowed some economic reforms †for example the policies of Witte and Stolypin †but they were not particularly important to his conservative mind.Nicholas II was averse to change, unlike Stalin who introduced everlasting political social and economic change. Although he enjoyed an autocratic position, Nicholas II was personally weak, open to advice especially from the Tsarina. He allowed some courtiers and Rasputin to have too much influence. Stalin shared power with nobody. He destroyed those who helped him to power, including Kamenev, Zinoviev and Bukharin. The purges destroyed heap who were not a real threat to his regime. © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net\r\n'